email me: [email protected]

1) Consideration of P.O.Box?

- Carolina

2) Thoughts about comments recieved over TikTok? More specifically the rather inappropriate ones that tend to sexualize you?

- Gemini

3) Superhero or villian? Favorite color? What you'd wanna be in medieval times (vocation-wise)? Top most interesting U.S. History events (in my opinion)? Considering starting a YouTube?

- Azalea

4) Do you offer private tutoring/instruction? Are you considering if not?

- Lupe

5) What do you want to be for Halloween?

-Anon

Email: [email protected]

There are four important rules to remember in this chapter: 

Reflexive Pronouns. 

Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject… Let's just say English overmarks these forms. For instance, we say “I praise myself.” Think about it for a second. You don’t have to say “-self.” You can just say “I praise me,” and it means the same thing. So we overmark the reflexive by saying “myself,” when we could just say “me.” In the same way we say “You praise yourself,” you could simply say “You praise you,” and it would mean the same thing…………….. Only in the third person is the “-self” form actually required! When you think about it, in any sentence and context it is clear who “I” or “you” is, but it is not always clear who “he” is. That’s because there can be two different “he’s” being referred to, but you and I always know who we are when we’re speaking with each other. 

So unlike “me” and “myself” or “you” and “yourself,” “him” and “himself” have to be differentiated, for instance, “He praises him,” meaning “The poet praises the king.” Here the “him” is non-reflexive because it is not the poet praising himself. To make the sentence reflexive, you change “him” to “himself” and you change the thought of the sentence entirely. “He praises himself” means the poet is praising the poet, not the king. The same is true of the third person plural, for example, “They praise them,” meaning “The poets are praising the kings.” There “them” is non-reflexive, but “They praise themselves” (“The poets are praising the poets”), there “themselves” is reflexive. Where English overmarks reflexives, Latin does not. There’s my long-winded explanation to further my cause in eradicating 

Therefore, if reflexive pronouns reflect the subject, they can be in any of the following cases:  

The intensive pronoun is more complicated, and unnecessarily so, than Latin. (Ha!) English intensive pronouns use the same form as their reflexive counterparts ─ “himself,” “herself,” “itself” and so on ─ which means in English you can’t look at a pronoun that’s intensive or reflexive and tell which one it is, based only on the appearance of its form. 

Consider the following: “He himself went to the forum.” What does “himself” mean here? Think about it. It means he went there in person. He didn’t send one of his slaves or one of his friends. He went there and did his business on his own. As opposed to “He went to the forum and bought food for himself.” Here “himself” is reflexive because it refers back to “he,” the subject. In other words, he did it in his own behalf. 

Now consider this sentence: “You yourself praised yourself.” 

Email: [email protected]

1. That’s so absolutely not fair! You touched on this in your video but maybe you could go into depth as what all you had to deal with at that other school that shelled out reprimands like candy? Also, what do you mean that you only have a roughly 20 min lunch?

2. Have you considered starting a youtube channel so you can post longer videos instead of the 10 min ones on tiktok?

3. After that vid going over music, we need more!

4. What are your PR's for the big three lifts?

5. You said in a TikTok that you were a stem major in college so what got you into teaching Latin specifically?

Email: [email protected]

1. What role did Latin play in the development of modern Romance languages, and how has it influenced contemporary vocabulary and terminology?

2. You mentioned living in CO and WA, what states have you lived in and what’s your favorite?

3. Fav greek mythology story?

4. Can you discuss Dante's inferno with an emphasis more so on concerning the development of language within the text?

Emails: [email protected]

[email protected]

There are three important rules to remember:

In Latin grammar, “perfect” means literally “completed in the past.” This is the counterpart, in many ways the opposite, of the imperfect, the tense we’ve already studied which shows unfinished or incomplete action in the past. Perfect action is action that happened once and was finished, such as, “I was taking a shower” -- that’s imperfect -- “when the phone rang.” It rang once. I got out of the shower. I picked up the phone. It stopped ringing. So the action was completed in the past. That’s perfect. 

The perfect tense also has another important connotation. It often represents past action that has immediate bearing on the present. For instance, “But I have done my homework, sir,” which is crypto-student code for “Stop asking me for it. Here it is,” vs. “Uh, well, I was doing my homework when umm… aliens invaded and probed my brain which is why I didn’t get it done.” “Was doing” represents action that was unfinished in the past and a perfect example of an imperfect excuse. 

The prefect system in Latin includes three tenses: 

The perfect is best represented by the English modal, or tense marker, “has” or “have,” also “did;” the pluperfect, meaning literally “more perfect,” represents an action that is past in relation to the past -- don’t panic. We’ll get to that in a second -- is the counterpart of the English tense marker “had;” and the future perfect represented by English “will have.” 

PERFECT

Amavisti: “you have loved”  Amavistis: “y’all have loved” 

Amavit: “he/she/it has loved” Amaverunt: “they have loved”

Please note that all perfect tense verbs in Latin, no matter what conjugation they belong to, form the same way: take the perfect base, add these endings, and you have any perfect-tense, finite verb in Latin. These forms can also be translated as “did” as in “I did love,” a form that is used very often in English when the speaker wants to negate the verb, as in, “I did not love.” Or another possible translation is the simple past: “I loved,” “you loved,” and so on. For right now, please don’t use that translation for the perfect tense. It can be confused with the imperfect.

When translating the perfect tense, use only “have/has” or “did.”

To form a pluperfect verb, the equivalent in English of “had,” Latin uses these endings:

 -eram, -eras, -erat… Recognize these? I hope. This is the imperfect of the verb “to be” here used as an ending in the perfect system creating a finite pluperfect verb:

Amaveram: “I had loved” Amaveramus: “we had loved”

Amaveras: “you had loved” Amaveratis: “y’all had loved”

Amaverat: “he/she/it had loved” Amaverant: “they had loved”

Finally the third of the perfect tenses, the future perfect, is formed by taking the perfect base and adding the endings -ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint. It looks a lot like the future of the verb “to be” but there’s one big change: it’s not -erunt in the third-person plural but -erint. 

To form a full finite verb in the future-perfect tense, take the base and add the future perfect endings we just recited so the future-perfect of the verb amo would be:

Amavero: “I will have loved” Amaverimus: “we will have loved”

Amaveris: “you will have loved” Amaveritis: “y’all will have loved”

Amaverit: “he/she/it will have loved” Amaverint: “they will have loved”

emails: [email protected]

[email protected]

I. Nostalgia:

Definition: Nostalgia refers to a sentimental longing or affectionate yearning for the past, often accompanied by a sense of sadness or wistfulness. It's a complex emotional state triggered by memories and experiences from one's earlier life.

Etymology: The word "nostalgia" has its roots in Greek. It combines "nostos," meaning "return home," and "algos," meaning "pain" or "ache." It was originally coined in the late 17th century by a Swiss physician named Johannes Hofer to describe a condition observed in Swiss mercenaries who became homesick while stationed abroad. At the time, it was considered a medical disorder related to homesickness.

II. Reminisce:

Definition: To reminisce is to recall or talk about past experiences, often in a fond or nostalgic manner. It involves the act of remembering and sharing memories.

Etymology: "Reminisce" comes from the Latin word "reminiscere," which means "remember" or "think over again." This word emphasizes the act of revisiting past memories.

III. Vintage:

Definition: Vintage refers to something of high quality or lasting popularity from the past. It is often associated with items or products from a specific era, typically 20 to 100 years old, which have retained their appeal.

Etymology: The word "vintage" has its roots in the Latin word "vindemia," which means "grape harvest" or "wine." Over time, it came to be associated with the age and quality of wine, and eventually, it was extended to describe other valuable and old items.

IV. Retro:

Definition: Retro refers to a style, fashion, or design that imitates or is reminiscent of the past, often with a sense of nostalgia. It involves adopting elements from earlier eras and incorporating them into contemporary contexts.

Etymology: "Retro" is a shortened form of "retrospective," which comes from the Latin word "retrospectus," meaning "look back" or "backward view." It reflects the idea of looking back in time and revisiting past styles or trends.

V. Memories:

Definition: Memories are the recollections of past events, experiences, or information stored in one's mind. They can evoke feelings of nostalgia when revisited.

Etymology: The word "memory" comes from the Latin "memoria," which means "faculty of memory" or "remembrance."

VI. Antique:

Definition: An antique is a collectible or valuable item that is typically over 100 years old. Antiques are often sought after for their historical and nostalgic significance.

Etymology: "Antique" is derived from the Latin word "antiquus," meaning "ancient" or "old." It emphasizes the age and historical value of the item.

VII. Melancholy:

Definition: Melancholy refers to a deep, pensive, and sometimes sorrowful feeling, often associated with nostalgia and a sense of loss.

Etymology: The word "melancholy" has its roots in ancient Greek, where "melas" means "black" and "kholē" means "bile." In ancient medicine, it was believed that an imbalance in the body's humors, including black bile, could lead to a melancholic disposition.

VIII. Sentimental:

Definition: Sentimental describes a strong emotional attachment or affection for something due to personal or nostalgic reasons. It often involves a heightened emotional response.

Etymology: "Sentimental" is derived from the French word "sentiment" and the Latin word "sentire," both of which relate to feelings and emotions.

IX. Flashback:

Definition: A flashback is a sudden and vivid memory or recollection of a past event, often triggered by a sensory experience or association. It can evoke a strong sense of nostalgia.

Etymology: "Flashback" combines "flash" and "back," indicating a sudden return or recollection of a past moment. The term originated in the world of literature and film to describe a narrative device where the story temporarily shifts to an earlier time.

“Personal” in grammar means “relating to person,” that is, first, second, or third person. In English, those persons are represented by pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, ya’ll, they. These MUST look familiar as they are forms we’ve already studied in relation to verbs. Now we’ll look at them independently as pronouns. So, how does Latin treat these forms, not as verb endings but as nouns? There is a caveat: they decline through cases as nouns do in Latin, so you have more to memorize. 

Remember how we studied that “boy” in Latin goes puer, nominative singular (subject); pueri, genitive singular, “of the boy;” puero, dative singular, “to/for the boy.” Of course you remember that! 

But why would Latin have a nominative singular for “I” and “you” at all. Aren’t those pronouns embedded in the verb? Why would you need to say ego, when amo and video by their very nature indicate first person singular? 

In English we have to say “we” if we want to indicate that “we” is the subject, right? But that same information is embedded in every Latin finite verb, that why, in a sentence, if there is no clear Nominative subject, we look to the verb to supply our subject (i.e. “I”, “you”, etc.). So the Romans didn’t use their nominative personal pronouns to explain what the subject is; rather, they used them to emphasize it.

For instance, if we said in Latin tune amas? “Are you in love?” In this case, the Latin speaker would be emphasizing the subject, “you,” by including the Latin nominative personal pronoun tu.

I can’t leave ego and tu without talking a little linguistics. If linguistics bores you, stick your fingers in your ears for the next two minutes. Because personal pronouns are commonly used forms in Indo-European languages, they reveal some interesting features of the evolution of those daughter languages which developed out of the mother tongue that Latin and English share: Proto-Indo-European. Originally, the Latin word ego and the English word “I” were the same word. Both evolved from a form that looked like ego ─ so Latin actually changed the form of this pronoun very little ─ but in English the inherited -g- transformed at some point into a /kh/ sound. This ended up as a form that sounded like /ik/ which is still the Dutch word for “I,” cf. German ich. English eventually dropped the -k-, lengthened the i-, and we ended up with our first-person singular personal pronoun. The same interchange between -c- and -g- can be seen in our word “cold” and the Latin word gelidus, both from an Indo-European base that means “frozen.” Also, English “kin” and Latin gens come from a single Indo-European word that meant “family.” A comparable pattern of change explains tu in Latin and “thou,” the archaic English form of “you.” Indo-European t- remained as t- in Latin, but in English it evolved into th- ─ thus, tu and “thou.” They were once the same word. You can see the same pattern in the word for “mother:” Latin has mater, English has “mother.” Likewise, the word for “tooth,” where Latin has dentes, English has “teeth.” 

Acceleration – the change in velocity over time

Acceleration: The term "acceleration" comes from the Latin word "acceleratio," which means "a hastening." The concept of acceleration as the rate of change of velocity over time was formulated in the context of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton. Newton's second law of motion relates force to acceleration and mass, providing a foundational understanding of how objects change their motion when subjected to forces.

Average speed – the total distance traveled by an object, divided by the total time it took the object to travel that distance

Average Speed: "Speed" itself originates from the Old English word "spēd," meaning "success, prosperity, good fortune." The concept of average speed has been used for centuries, but its formalization as a mathematical concept likely emerged as a part of the development of classical mechanics during the Renaissance, building on the works of scientists like Galileo and Kepler.

Bias – a leaning in one direction or another away from the truth due to an error in design, measurement, or analysis

Bias: "Bias" has its origins in the Old French word "biais," meaning "slant, slope." It evolved to connote a particular inclination or prejudice. In a scientific context, the term likely gained prominence with the rise of experimental methodologies and the recognition of errors or influences that could skew results.

Centripetal acceleration – anything moving in circular motion

Centripetal Acceleration: "Centripetal" comes from the Latin words "centrum" (center) and "petere" (to seek or strive for). The concept of centripetal acceleration was developed as part of the study of circular motion and orbits. It was formalized in the works of Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, who showed that a force directed toward the center of a circle (centripetal force) is required to keep an object in uniform circular motion.

Distance – how far something has traveled

Distance: "Distance" originates from the Latin word "distantia," meaning "a standing apart." The concept of measuring distance has ancient roots, going back to human's need to navigate and understand their surroundings. Early civilizations developed various units of measurement for distance, which eventually contributed to the modern metric and imperial systems.

Motion – when an object changes position over time relative to a reference point, or a reference direction

Motion: "Motion" traces its roots to the Latin word "motio," meaning "a moving." The study of motion dates back to ancient Greece, with philosophers like Aristotle pondering the nature of motion. However, it was Galileo and later Isaac Newton who laid the groundwork for a systematic understanding of motion and its relationship to forces.

Procedure – a step-by-step description of how to conduct an experiment

Procedure: "Procedure" comes from the Latin word "procedere," meaning "to go forward." In the context of scientific experimentation, the term gained prominence with the development of formalized scientific methodologies, particularly during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.

Time – how long something takes

Time: "Time" is a concept deeply ingrained in human culture and language. Its measurement and understanding have evolved across civilizations, with advancements in timekeeping devices and the development of precise methods for measuring time intervals, culminating in the modern concept of time as a fundamental dimension.

Unit – describes what is being measured (e.g. meter, second, gram)

Unit: The concept of measurement units has evolved over millennia, with various cultures developing their own systems. Modern scientific measurement units, such as the metric system, have their roots in the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods when efforts to standardize measurements gained traction.

Vector – a measurement that includes a magnitude (a number) and a direction

Vector: "Vector" comes from the Latin word "vehere," meaning "to carry."

Physics:

Scientific Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern their interactions.

Etymology: From Greek "physis" (nature) and "ikos" (related to), meaning related to nature.

Chemistry:

Scientific Definition: The study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter.

Etymology: From Arabic "al-kīmiyā" and Greek "khemeia" (transmutation), referring to the ancient practice of transmuting base metals into gold.

Biology:

Scientific Definition: The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment.

Etymology: From Greek "bios" (life) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of life.

Geology:

Scientific Definition: The study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and history.

Etymology: From Greek "ge" (earth) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of the Earth.

Astronomy:

Scientific Definition: The study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole.

Etymology: From Greek "astron" (star) and "nomos" (law), meaning the laws of the stars.

Astrophysics:

Scientific Definition: The branch of astronomy that deals with the physical properties and interactions of celestial objects and phenomena.

Etymology: "Astro" from Greek "astron" (star) + "physics" from Latin "physica" (natural things), 

meaning natural things related to stars.

Cosmology:

Scientific Definition: The study of the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe.

Etymology: From Greek "kosmos" (world, universe) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of the universe.

Quantum Mechanics:

Scientific Definition: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of very small particles and the interactions of matter and energy at the quantum level.

Etymology: "Quantum" from Latin "quantus" (how much) + "mechanics" from Greek "mekhanē" (machine), meaning how much machine-like behavior.

Relativity:

Scientific Definition: Einstein's theory that describes the relationships between space, time, and gravity, including special and general relativity.

Etymology: From Latin "relativus" (having relation or reference) and "relatus" (carried back), indicating a sense of comparison.

Astrolabe:

Scientific Definition: An ancient instrument used to measure the position of celestial objects and determine latitude.

Etymology: From Greek "astron" (star) and "lambanein" (to take), meaning to take the stars.

Celestial Sphere:

Scientific Definition: An imaginary sphere with Earth at its center, used to model the apparent positions of celestial objects.

Etymology: "Celestial" from Latin "caelum" (sky) + "sphere" from Greek "sphaira" (ball), meaning sky ball.

Equinox:

Scientific Definition: The two points in the year when the day and night are approximately equal in length.

Etymology: From Latin "aequus" (equal) + "nox" (night), meaning equal night.

Solstice:

Scientific Definition: The two points in the year when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon, marking the longest and shortest days.

Etymology: From Latin "solstitium" (sun-stopping), referring to the sun appearing to stop and change direction during these points.

Eclipse:

Scientific Definition: The obscuring of one celestial body by another, such as a solar or lunar eclipse.

Etymology: From Greek "ekleipsis" (abandonment) and "ekleipein" (to leave out), referring to the temporary disappearance of a celestial body.

Gravity:

Scientific Definition: The force of attraction between objects with mass, responsible for the motion of planets and other celestial bodies.

Etymology: From Latin "gravitas" (weight) and "gravis" (heavy), referring to the weightiness of objects.

Planet:

Scientific Definition: A celestial body that orbits a star, is spherical in shape, and has cleared its orbit of other debris.

Etymology: From Greek "planētēs" (wanderer), as planets were observed to move against the fixed backdrop of stars.