1. Lobotomy: A surgical procedure involving the cutting or scraping away of a part of the brain, usually the frontal lobes, in order to treat mental illness. Etymology: From the Greek roots “lobo” (meaning “lobe”) and “tomy” (meaning “to cut”).

2. Hysterectomy: A surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed, either partially or completely. Etymology: From the Greek roots “hystera” (meaning “uterus”) and “tomy” (meaning “to cut”).

3. Appendectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix.

5. Mastectomy: Surgical removal of the breast.

6. Nephrectomy: Surgical removal of a kidney. (Nephrologist)

3. Phlebotomy: The practice of making an incision (or puncture) into a vein in order to draw out blood. Etymology: From the Greek roots “phlebos” (meaning “vein”) and “tomy” (meaning “to cut”).

4. Thoracotomy: A surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the chest wall, usually to diagnose or treat a condition of the lungs or other organs in the chest. Etymology: From the Greek roots “thorax” (meaning “chest”) and “tomy” (meaning “to cut”).

10. Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of a part or all of the thyroid gland.

5. Uvulotomy: A surgical procedure in which a portion of the uvula, a small fleshy protuberance at the back of the throat, is removed. Etymology: From the Latin root “uvula” (meaning “little grape”) and “tomy” (meaning “to cut”).

6. Gastrotomy: A surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the stomach in order to diagnose or treat an abdominal condition. Etymology: From the Greek roots “gaster” (meaning “stomach”) and “tomy” (meaning “to cut”).

7. Amputation: The surgical removal of a limb, either partially or completely. Etymology: From the Latin root “amputare” (meaning “to cut off”).

1. Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix, from the Greek word "itis" meaning inflammation.

2. Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining, from the Greek word "gaster" meaning stomach.

3. Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes, from the Greek word "bronchia" meaning windpipe.

4. Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, from the Greek word "sinus" meaning curve.

5. Nephritis: inflammation of the kidneys, from the Greek word "nephros" meaning kidney.

6. Colitis: inflammation of the colon, from the Greek word "kolon" meaning large intestine.

7. Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder, from the Greek word "kystis" meaning bladder.

8. Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra, from the Greek word "ouretheros" meaning urinary canal.

9. Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum, from the Greek word "peritoneon" meaning covering.

10. Otitis: inflammation of the ear, from the Greek word "otos" meaning ear.

Lot's of amazing questions addressed here as well as an etymologized word! Stay tuned, syntax is found below in the show notes, but you have to listen throughout to hear the answers to amazing questions!

1. Syntax (noun): The study of the rules governing the way words are put together to form sentences.

Etymology: From the Greek word “syntaxis”, from “syn-” meaning “together” and “tassein” meaning “to arrange”.

Taxis (Greek): a noun meaning “an arrangement” or “an order”. It comes from the Greek root “taxis”, which is derived from the Indo-European “tas”, meaning “to arrange”.

Taxonomy (Greek): a noun meaning “the science of classification”. It comes from the Greek root “taxis”, which is derived from the Indo-European “tas”, meaning “to arrange”.

Syntax (Greek): a noun meaning “the arrangement of words in a sentence”. It comes from the Greek root “syntaxis”, which is derived from the Indo-European “tas”, meaning “to arrange”.

Taxidermy (Greek): a noun meaning “the art of stuffing and preserving animals and birds”. It comes from the Greek root “taxis”, which is derived from the Indo-European “tas”, meaning “to arrange”.

Synthesize (Greek): a verb meaning “to combine elements into one”. It comes from the Greek root “synthesis”, which is derived from the Indo-European “tas”, meaning “to arrange”.

Other questions addressed but not listed in the description: 

1. How can I navigate the trials of middle school and puberty as a young person?

2. How do I deal with the popularity and toxic nature of middle school?

3. What advice do you have for dealing with the anger and aggression that's so prevalent in our world today?

4. How can I find self-confidence and stay true to my values in the face of peer pressure and popular culture?

5. What strategies can I use to be kinder and more understanding of others, even when they're not being kind and understanding to me?

7. What are the best ways to manage my emotions and maintain a positive outlook?

8. How can I handle all the changes I'm going through during this time in my life?

Latter half of the episode I get into the dilemmas in the world, what I see in my students in regards to these "dilemmas" and an existential discussion to wrap up the episode. This was fun... I also talk briefly about the "Crossing of the Rubicon" (Reminded from Lexicon), which both refers to a huge historical move made by Julius Caesar, as well as an idiom referring to "the point of no return."

All words glossed in the show notes below!

1. Lemma (noun): A heading that indicates the topic of a particular section, subsection, or paragraph of a text.

Etymology: From the Greek word “lemma” meaning “proposition”.

2. Lexicon (noun): A dictionary or encyclopedia of words or terms in a particular field of knowledge.

Etymology: From the Greek word “lexikon”, from “lexis” meaning “word”.

3. Morphology (noun): The study of the forms of words, including inflections, derivations, and the formation of compounds.

Etymology: From the Greek word “morphē”, meaning “shape” or “form”.

Doing something different. July 2017 is when this tour took place. I tried to journal and document my trip as thoroughly as possible. 

Ago, Agere: Latin root meaning “to do, act, drive, lead.”

1. Agitate: To cause unrest or disturbance; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to do.”

2. Agent: A person or thing that takes an active role in doing something; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to do.”

3. Agenda: A program of things to do or be accomplished; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to do.”

4. Aggregate: A total or collective amount; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to drive.”

5. Exaggerate: To magnify or increase beyond the natural proportions; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to drive.”

6. Prerogative: A special right or privilege; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to lead.”

7. Proactive: Taking initiative and acting in advance of a situation; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to lead.”

8. Prologue: An introduction to a play, book, etc.; from the Latin “agere,” meaning “to lead.” 

Where first declension includes mostly feminine nouns with -a- at the end of their base, second declension includes mostly masculine and neuter nouns with -o- at the end of their base. The second declension has different forms from the first declension but the uses of the cases are the same.

The second-declension -o- can appear as -u-, as in the nominative singular (-us) or the accusative singular (-um) or it can appear as -i- as in the genitive singular and nominative plural (-i) and the dative and ablative plural (-is).

Here are the endings for second declension masculine, beginning with the singular.

In the plural the endings are:

In forming a second-declension masculine noun, do the same thing you did in first declension. Take a noun that belongs to that declension, remove the -ī genitive singular ending from the genitive singular form to get the base, and then add the endings on.

Here’s an example of that process with the word filius meaning “son.” The base is fili-. To that you add the endings: filius, filii, filio, filium, filio -- we’ll talk about the vocative in a second -- filii, filiorum, filiis, filios, filiis.

Note the vocative singular of this word: The Romans didn’t like taking a base that ended with -i and putting a short -e after it. That would have produced *filie and that sounded disagreeable to the Romans so they left the -e off the vocative ending if there was an -i- at the end of the base. Thus the vocative of filius is fili.

Now let’s address a minor peculiarity involving second declension - I mentioned we’d touch on this later… This is that “later.”. The Romans for some reason did not like to end second-declension masculine nouns with -rus. So, if a base ended in -r, like the base puer- which means “boy,” the Romans, instead of going *puerus in the nominative singular, simply went puer. But you can see from the rest of the forms of this word the real base is puer- because the word declines puer, pueri, puero and so on.

-emia: suffix derived from Greek ἐμός (emos) meaning “blood”

It comes from the Greek root word, haima, which translates to “blood”.

Anemia: a condition in which an individual has low levels of healthy red blood cells.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root word, haima, which translates to “blood”.

Leukemia: a type of cancer that affects the body’s ability to produce healthy white blood cells.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root word, leukos, which means “white”.

Thrombocytopenia: a condition in which the body produces fewer blood platelets than it should.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek roots words, thrombos, which means “clot” and kytos, which means “hollow”.

Stylemia: a condition in which the body has high levels of iron in the bloodstream.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root word, stylos, which translates to “an iron bar”.

Hypervolemia: a condition in which the body has an excess of plasma in the blood.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root word, hyper, which means “over” and volêma, which means “volume”.

Polycythemia: a condition in which the body produces too many red blood cells.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root words, poly, which means “many” and kytos, which means “cell”.

Hyponatremia: a condition in which the body has a low sodium level in the blood.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root words, hypo, which means “under” and natrêm, which means “salt”.

Dyskalemia: a type of electrolyte imbalance that affects the body’s sodium and potassium levels.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root words, dys, which means “abnormal” and kalêm, which means “potassium”.

Eosinophilia: a condition in which the body produces more eosinophils (a type of white blood cells) than normal.

Etymological Definition: From the Greek root words, eos, which means “dawn” and phulon, which means “light”.

Hematemia: the presence of red blood cells in the blood

Etymology: mid 19th century; from Greek haimat- ‘blood’ + -emia

Neutropenia: a condition in which there is an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood

Etymology: early 20th century; from Greek neuter ‘neutrophil’ + -penia ‘deficiency’ + -emia

Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood

Etymology: late 19th century; from Greek leukos ‘white’ + kytos ‘cell’ + -osis ‘condition’ + -emia

Erythrocytosis: an increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood

Etymology: late 19th century; from Greek erythros ‘red’ + kytos ‘cell’ + -osis ‘condition’ + -emia

Anoxemia: a lack of oxygen in the blood

Etymology: early 20th century; from Greek an- ‘without’ + oxys ‘sharp’ + -emia

Hypoxemia: a low amount of oxygen in the blood

Etymology: early 20th century; from Greek hypo- ‘below’ + oxys ‘oxygen’ + -emia

Hyperoxemia: a high amount of oxygen in the blood

Etymology: early 20th century; from Greek hyper- ‘over’ + oxys ‘sharp’ + -emia

Uremia: a condition in which the amount of waste products in the blood is abnormally high

Etymology: early 20th century; from Greek ouros ‘urine’ + -emia

All words covered today are provided below in the show notes!

gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease

gastro-

also gastero-, before vowels gastr-, scientific word-forming element meaning "stomach," from Greek gastro-, combining form of gaster (genitive gastros) "belly, paunch; womb"

intestine (n.)

"lower part of the alimentary canal," early 15c., from Old French intestin (14c.) or directly from Latin intestinum "a gut," in plural (intestina), "intestines, bowels," noun use of neuter of adjective intestinus "inward, internal," from intus "within, on the inside"

esophagus (n.)

from Greek oisophagos "gullet, passage for food," literally "what carries and eats.”

reflux (n.)

early 15c., "a flowing back" (of the sea, etc.), from Medieval Latin refluxus, from Latin re- "back, again" + fluxus "a flowing," from fluere "to flow"

gastro-

also gastero-, before vowels gastr-, scientific word-forming element meaning "stomach," from Greek gastro-, combining form of gaster (genitive gastros) "belly, paunch; womb.”

-itis

word-forming element in medicine denoting "diseases characterized by inflammation" (of the specified part), Modern Latin, from Greek -itis.

enteritis (n.)

"acute inflammation of the bowels," 1808, medical Latin, coined c. 1750 by French pathologist François-Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1706-1767), from enteron "intestine" + -itis "inflammation."

-ectomy

word-forming element meaning "surgical removal of," from Latinized form of Greek -ektomia "a cutting out of," from ektemnein "to cut out," from ek "out" + temnein "to cut."

from enteron "intestine" and -ology referring to the “study of.”

1826, gasteropod (spelling without -e- by 1854), from Modern Latin Gasteropoda, name of a class of mollusks, from Greek gaster (genitive gastros) "stomach" + pous (genitive podos) "foot"

resent (v.)

c. 1600, "feel pain or distress" (a sense now obsolete); 1620s, "take (something) ill, consider as an injury or affront; be in some degree angry or provoked at," from French ressentir "feel pain, regret," from Old French resentir "feel again, feel in turn" (13c.)

sentient (adj.)

1630s, "capable of feeling, having the power of or characterized by the exercise of sense-perception," from Latin sentientem (nominative sentiens) "feeling," present participle of sentire "to feel"

1. Sentience: the capacity to feel, perceive, or experience subjectively.

2. Sentiency: the state of being aware of one's surroundings and of having a conscious experience.

3. Sentimentalism: the tendency to rely too heavily on emotions when making decisions or forming opinions.

4. Sentimentality: the excessive display of emotion, especially in an overly sentimental manner.

5. Sentiment: a general feeling or opinion about something, based on emotion rather than reason.

6. Sentimentalize: to make something overly sentimental or to cause something to be viewed sentimentally.

7. Sentimentality: an excessive or mawkish display of emotion. 8. Sentimentalize: to cause something to become overly sentimental.

9. Sentimentalism: an excessive attachment to or reliance on emotion.

10. Sensibility: the capacity to perceive or feel things.

"be like, have likeness or similarity to," mid-14c., from Old French resembler "be like" (12c., Modern French ressemble), from re-, here perhaps an intensive prefix, + sembler "to appear, to seem, be like," from Latin simulare "to make like, imitate, copy, represent," from stem of similis "like, resembling, of the same kind"

1. Semblance - a superficial resemblance or outward appearance

2. Assembler - one who assembles or puts together

late 14c., "act of reserving or keeping back," from Old French reservation (14c.) and directly from Late Latin reservationem (nominative reservatio), noun of action from past-participle stem of Latin reservare "keep back, save up; retain, preserve," from re- "back" + servare "to keep, save, preserve, protect"

1. Servile - adj. excessively submissive; slavish

2. Service - n. an act of helpful activity; assistance

3. Servitude - n. the state of being a slave; forced labor

4. Serve - v. to be of use; to be of service

5. Servitor - n. a servant; one who is subservient

6. Servitude - n. the condition of being a slave; forced labor

7. Servitorial - adj. of or relating to a servitude; subjugated

8. Servilely - adv. in a slavish manner; submissively

9. Servitorially - adv. in a servitorial manner; submissively

Another amazing set of questions asked for today's Q&A! 

Here's a list of the questions asked on today's podcast:

1. What is the origin of the word 'anatomy'?

2. How do the human body systems interact to maintain homeostasis?

3. What is the etymological history of the word ‘physiology’?

4. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

5. How does medical terminology differ from everyday language?

6. Have you heard of chat GPT? If so, your thoughts?

7. How has modern medicine changed the way we understand anatomy and physiology?

8. Why you should study Latin and Greek?