Trigonometry

Geometry - “a measuring of the earth”

Parallel

Perpendicular - "at right angles to the horizon,"

Percent - “by/through a hundred”

Angle - directly from Latin angulus "an angle, a corner," a diminutive form from PIE root *ang-/*ank- "to bend" (source also of Greek ankylos "bent, crooked," Latin ang(u)ere "to compress in a bend, fold, strangle;" Old Church Slavonic aglu "corner;" Lithuanian anka "loop;" Sanskrit ankah "hook, bent," angam "limb;" Old English ancleo "ankle;"

Acute - from Latin acutus "sharp, pointed," figuratively "shrill, penetrating; intelligent, cunning," past participle of acuere "to sharpen" (literal and figurative)

Obtuse

Calculus - from Latin calculus "reckoning, account," originally "pebble used as a reckoning counter," diminutive of calx (genitive calcis) "limestone."

Sine - from Latin sinus "fold in a garment, bend, curve, bosom."

Cosine “with the fold”

Tangent - "meeting at a point without intersecting,"

Addition - "action of adding numbers."

Con + tempor + ary - “with” + “tempor, temporis”

“With the times”

(Contemporaneous)

Con + nect - “with” + “nectere = to bind”

“To bind together with”

Con + templ + lation + “with” + “templatum = surveyed, observed”

Tempo - the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played.

(Tempor)

Co + habitation =

(habito, habitare - “to live/ to live and/or have a home”)

Co + labor + ate = “to work together/with”

Con + solidate = to bring together with

(solidatum= to make solid/ bring together)

Con + done = “give with/together”

“With” + “gift”

Solidarity = support or sympathy

“Solidatum” - to make solid/ bring together

Conjugate = “con” + “jungo” + “ate”

Declension = de + clinare

Nominative - from Latin nominativus "pertaining to naming, serving to name" (in casus nominativus), from nominat-, past-participle stem of nominare "to name, call by name, give a name to," from nomen "name"

Genitive - from Latin (casus) genitivus "case expressing possession, source, or origin."

Dative - from Latin dativus "pertaining to giving," from datus "given" (from PIE root *do- "to give"); in grammatical use from Greek, from dotikos "of giving nature," from dotos "given"

Accusative - directly from Latin (casus) accusativus "(case) of accusing," from accusatus, past participle of accusare "to call to account, make complaint against"

Ablative - from Latin (casus) ablativus "(case) of removal," expressing direction from a place or time.

coined by Julius Caesar from ablatus "taken away," past participle of auferre "to carry off or away, withdraw, remove," which is from ab "off, away" + the irregular verb ferre (past participle latum) "to carry, to bear"

Discussing Derivatives of Random Latin and Greek Roots (Pt. 1)

Here are some guided questions to ask yourself as we move through this lesson! It's good stuff I promise...

Here, I got over TONS of legal terms in their Latin and then expound upon the Latin to provide their literal translations as well as their "englishified" uses within the legal system.

Gregarious - from Latin gregarius "pertaining to a flock; of the herd, of the common sort, common,"

Assertive - assertus, meaning “defended” or “claimed.”

Active directly from Latin activus, from actus "a doing" 

Extraversion - "a turning out," from Medieval Latin extraversionem, from extra "outward"+ versionem

Introversion - a turning into/inward," from Medieval Latin extraversionem, from extra "outward"

Impulsive - Latin impulsivus, from Latin impuls-, past participle stem of impellere "strike against, push against.

Compulsive - from Latin compulsus, past participle of compellere "to drive together, force," from com "with, together" + pellere "to drive"

Vulnerable - Latin vulnerare "to wound, hurt, injure, maim," from vulnus (genitive vulneris) "wound,"

Obsessive - from Latin obsessus, past participle of obsidere "watch closely; besiege, occupy; stay, remain, abide" literally "sit opposite to," from ob "against" + sedere "to sit.”

Competent directly from Latin competentem (nominative competens), present participle of competere "coincide, agree"

Depressed - from Late Latin depressare, frequentative of Latin deprimere "press down," from de "down" + premere "to press, hold fast, cover, crowd, compress"

Altruistic -  "unselfishness, devotion to the welfare of others, the opposite of egoism,"

Diverse - directly from Latin diversus "turned different ways.

Cognitive - "pertaining to cognition," with -ive + Latin cognit-, past participle stem of cognoscere "to get to know, recognize,"

Narcissistic 

litteraliteral;

litteraliterate;

obliterate;

illogical;

analogy;

apologetic;

diagram;

program;

biographical;

descriptive;

subscribe;

manuscript.

Since the present is review, let’s jump into looking at the imperfect tense of sum. As with the present, the imperfect-tense forms of esse are irregular. They are:

Eram: “I was”/Eramus: “We were”

Eras: “You (s) were”/Eratis: “Y’all were/You (p) were/ You all were”

Erat: “He, She, It was”/Erant: “They were”

Notice that all these forms have as a characteristic vowel the letter a. This is the same a that shows up in the -ba- endings of other imperfect verbs. And as with other imperfect verb forms in Latin, the imperfect of the verb “to be” carries the sense of unfinished, repeated, or habitual action in the past, producing the following translations: “I was,” “I used to be,” “I kept on being”; “you were,” “you used to be,” “you kept on being”, “he, she or it was,” … Pretty obvious.

Now let’s look at the irregular forms of future:

Ero: “I will be”/Erimus: “We will be”

Eris: “You (s) will be”/Eritis: “Y’all will be/You (p) will be/ You all will be”

Erit: “He/She/It will be”/Erunt: “They will be”

Notice that these forms share a characteristic letter i which is also seen in the -bi- of other future-tense forms. And notice that they also share the same irregularities.

Now let’s look at another verb which is based upon the verb “to be,” possum. This verb ─ possum, posse ─ is a compound of sum, esse. Possum is really pot- + sum: pot- means “able”; sum means “I am.” Therefore, it literally means “I am able.” Posse is a combination of pot- + esse, meaning “to be able.”

Here is the present tense of possum:

Possum: I am able/Possumus: We are able

Potes: You are able/Potestis: Ya’ll are able

Potest: He/She/It is able/Possunt: They are able

When “t” runs into “s” in Latin, very often the t will change to an “s” and produce the geminate consonant cluster “ss.” So *pot-sum will turn into possum, *pot-sumus will turn into possumus, *pot-sunt will turn into possunt, and *pot-esse will contract down to posse.

Here is the imperfect tense of possum:

Poteram: I was able/Poteramus: We were able

Poteras: You were able/Poteratis: Y'all were able

Poterat: He/She/It was able/Poterant: They were able

Possum in the future; the expected combination of pot- + ero:

Potero: I will be able/Poterimus: We will be able

Poteris: You will be able/Poteritis: Ya’ll will be able

Poterit: He/She/It will be able/Poterunt: They will be able

Finally the complementary infinitive. In order to have a complete meaning, posse requires an infinitive, called a “complementary” infinitive because it “completes” the meaning of the main verb. Complementary infinitives serve to complete the meaning of the main verb by answering the question, "to be able to do what?" Only certain verbs take on complementary infinitives: debeo, “ought,” as in “ought to do something”; and possum, the verb introduced in this chapter, “to be able to do something.”

Jurisprudence - study, theory, or philosophy of law

“Juris (from “ius, iuris” = law) + “prudentia(knowledge)”

Jurisdiction - the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law a matter that falls within the court's jurisdiction

“Law” + “dictio(participle form of “to say” aka ‘saying’)”

Perjure - willfully tell an untruth when giving evidence to a court; commit perjury.

“per(wrong)” + “ius(law)” - to wrong the law

Impunity - freedom from punishment

“in(not)” + “punire/punitum(to punish)”

Subpoena - a writ ordering a person to attend a court.

“under/beneath” + “penalty” (of law)

Litigation - The process of a lawsuit

“litigare/litigatum(to press a lawsuit)”