This episode I first dive into "dia-" in Greek and all the counterparts associated. Then, I pit the Greek prefix to its Latin counterpart, "trans-," which is both a preposition (carrying across a direct action) and prefix. Stick with me to learn more!

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I go into derivatives and cognates associated with Greek's "hydros" and Latin's "aqua"

Etymologizing break from the medical terminology vocab.

Words gone over today:

Nervus; sinew, nerve (innervation, nerve)

Norma; a measure, standard or pattern, regular or normal (abnormal, subnormal)

Oculus; eye, bud (ocular, intraocular, supraocular)

Os, Oris; mouth, opening (oral, oscitation)

Os, Ossis; bone (Osteopathy, osteon, interocessous, osteopenia)

Palma; palm of the hand (palmar, palm)

Palpalare, palpatum; to stroke, touch (palpate, impalpable, palpable)

Paries, parietis; wall (of organ or cavity) (parietal lobe, occipitoparietal, subparietal)

Patella; a small pan; kneepan (infrapatellar, patellar tendonitis, prepatellar)

Pellis; skin (pellicle – a thin skin/membrane)

Pectus, pectoris; breast, chest (pectoral major, mediopectoral, pectoral minor)

Pelvis; basin, basin-shaped cavity (pelvic, pelvis, intrapelvis)

Pes, pedis; foot (pedicure, biped, pedicle, breviped)

Pilus; hair (erector pili)

Pituita; phlegm, mucus (pituitary gland – of endocrine system)

Planta; a sprout, or sole of foot (plantar fasciitis, calcaneoplantar)

Pollex, pollicis; thumb (pollex valgus – bunion-like deformity of the thumb, particularly to the ulnar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint, prepollex)

Pons, pontis; bridge, a slip of tissue connecting two parts of an organ (pons cerebilli, postpontile)

Pronus; inclined, bending forward (pronation – opposite of supination)

Pulmo, pulmonis; lung (pulmonary, intrapulmonary, subpulmonary)

Pustula; blister, pimple (pustulation, pustule)

Words covered in today's episode:

Lac, lactis; milk (lactase, delectation, ablactation)

Lacerare, laceratum; to tear to pieces, mangle (laceration, dilacerate)

Latus; wide, broad (i.e. Vastus Lateralis, latissimus (superlative) dorsi)

Latus, lateris; side (Lateral, mediolaterial [plane], latissimus dorsi)

Libet; it pleases (libido, ad libitum)

Lien; spleen (gastrolienal, perilienal)

Limen, liminis; threshold (liminal, supraliminal)

Linea; line (linear)

Lingua; tongue (breviligulata, sublingual, cervicolingual)

Locus; place (dislocation, translocation, intralocular)

Longus; long (adductor longus, opposed to adductor brevis)

Lumbus; loin (dorsolumbar, lumbar)

Luxare, luxatum; to dislocate (subluxation, dislocation, relaxation)

Magnus; large, great

Malleus; hammer, club (one of the small bones of the ear; malleolus)

Malus; bad, faulty (malformation, malignant, malposition)

Mandibula; jaw, bone of lower jaw (mandible, submandibular gland)

Maxilla; jaw, upper jawbone (bimaxillary, submaxillary, maxilla)

Medius; middle (mediolateral axis, admedial, Medial; refers to the midline of the body)

Mens, mentis; mind (mental, dementia)

Mola; millstone or Molaris; adapted for grinding (molar)

Musculus; little mouse, muscle [From Mus, muris; mouse] (muscle, musculature)

Latin Vocabulary

Abdomen, Abdominis; body, cavity (abdomen, rectus abdominous, abdominal)

Acetabulum; vinegar cup (acetabulum, subcetabular)

Acutus; sharp, pointed (acute)

Alveolus; small hollow, cavity, pit, sac or cell (alveoli)

Axilla; armpit (axillar, infra-axillary)

Axis; axle, axis (axial, subaxial, axipetal)

Bacillum; little rod or staff; rod-shaped bacteria (bacilliform, prebacillary, bacillemia)

Bractea; thin metal plate (Brachea, bract)

Brevis; short (adductor bevis, breviflexor)

Capillus; hair, minute bodily vessel (capillary, capillitium, intercapillary)

Caput, capitis; head (occipital, suboccipital, capitulum, biceps)

Cerebrum; the brain (cerebrum, subcerebreal)

Cervix, Cervicis; neck (cervical, cervix, cervicodorsal)

Cilium; eyelid, hairlike process (cilia, ciliola, palpocil)

Clava; club (clavate, subclavate)

Clavis; key, collarbone (clavicle, subclavicular)

Columen, Columinis; Column (columnar – tissue)

Cortex, corticis; bark, outer layer (Cerebral cortex)

Costa; rib (intercostal, iliocostalis)

Coxa; hip, hip joint (coxae, coxofemoral)

Cuspis, Cuspidis; point, end (Bicuspid)

Dens, Dentis; Tooth (dentin, dentist)

Dexter, Dextra, Dextrum; right hand (dexterous)

Digitus; Finger, toe (digit, digitorum)

Dorsum; back, upper part (dorsal – anatomical position)

Durus; hard (Dura Mater)

Fascia; band, bundle (Fasciculitis, tensor fascia lata)

Femur, Femoris; Thigh (Rectus Femoris – superficial muscle that sits atop the Vastus Intermedius)

Ferrum; iron (Why we have FE for Iron on Periodic Table.)

Fibula; pin, brooch; (outer bone of lower leg)

Fistula; reed, pipe

Flamma; flame (Inflammation)

Flectere, Flexum; to bend (Flexion)

Genus, Generis; Origin (Genotype)

Gingiva; the gum (Gingivitis)

Gula; troat (gullet)

Guttur, gutturis; throat (guttural)

Hallux, hallucis; big toe (hallux)

Hamus; hook (hamate)

Humerus; shoulder, upper arm

Halare, Halitum; to breathe; Halitus; breath (halitosis, exhalation)

Inguen, inguinis; groin (inguinal region, suprainguinal)

Intestinus; internal, intestine

Jejunus: empty, fasting, dry (jejunum intestine)

Jugulum; the collarbone, neck of throat (jugular, subjugular, intrajugular)

Subjects

Subjects are always nouns, the noun or nouns in a sentence which do the action represented by the main verb, for example, “I teach.” “I” is the subject of the verb “teach,” because “I” is doing the action of teaching. “You will learn.” “You” is the subject of the verb “learn.” The time when the action takes place ─ in this case, at some point in the future ─ doesn’t matter. “You” is still the subject of the sentence even if the action hasn’t happened yet. “We studied.” “We” is the doer of “studied,” thus the subject of the sentence. Here, the verb is past-tense but that doesn’t affect the subject. “We” are still the actors who performed the action of studying even though it happened long ago. “It isn’t.” “It” is the subject of “isn’t.” The subject can also be a noun which is said not to be doing the action of the verb if the verb is modified by a negator like “not, never, in no way.”

In other words, subjects can also be the non-doers of the verb action if the point of the sentence is to say outright that the subject didn’t do something, as in “she cannot forget.” “She” is the subject of “forget,” even when “she” isn’t actually forgetting because she can’t, according to the sentence. So even if “she” is a non-doer, grammatically she’s still the “doer,” the subject. One last example: “they must leave.” “They” is the subject, in this case, the need-to-doers of the verb action “leave.

Direct Objects

A direct object is any noun which receives the action of a verb, for instance, “I see you.” “I” is the subject, “see” is the verb, and “you” is the direct object because “you” is the object of the seeing in this sentence. That is, it’s on the receiving end of the seeing that the subject (“I”) is doing here.

Here’s another example: “You make lots of money.” What’s the verb here? “Make.” Who’s doing the making? “You,” so that’s the subject, and the thing or things that are being made by you are … what? “Lots (of money).” “Of,” you’ll recall from the second grammar preview, is a preposition, and its object, the OP here, is “money.” So “of money” is a prepositional phrase. If “money” is an OP, it can’t also be a direct object. One noun can’t do double-duty in a sentence. That’s the rule. So you can always rule out an OP like “money” here as a direct object. The direct object here is “lots” and “lots” alone. Of course, “lots” and “of money” really mean the same thing when you put them together, but meaning and grammar aren’t always exactly the same. Grammatically, these words function in very different ways. So even though they share one meaning, “lots” is the direct object and “of money” is a prepositional phrase.

im+plicate

sup+plicate

multi+plication 

re+plica

re+plication 

du+plicate

ac+com+plice

..............................................................................

syn+onym

sym+pathy

sym+phony

syn+thetic 

and so on...

inter+national

inter+vene

inter+lude

inter+ject

...

Bio+logy

bio+graphy

auto+bio+graphy

micro+be

micro+biome 

...

micro+scope

micro+cosm

micro+biota

micro+be

micro+organism 

micro+wave

micro+meter

micro+filament 

Here, I take a different approach and talk about root words, in both Latin and Greek, and dive into the many English derivatives we derive from said root words. Lots of great info to take away from this episode! Language is the basis from all types of knowledge acquisition. Spread the love of words and a command of language! I'm looking to create a language revolution!