Learning by William

By William Gottemoller

Learning by William is a podcast that explores the wonders in astronomy, physics, history, and the arts. New episodes post every Saturday at 11 AM EST, 10 AM CST.

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FAQs about Learning by William:

How many episodes does Learning by William have?

The podcast currently has 69 episodes available.

Learning by William episodes:

June 14, 2021 What are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? Part 2
References
Isotropy of Dark Energy - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/196729/is-dark-energy-homogeneous-and-or-isotropic
Quantum Field Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory
Energy Density - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
Casimir Effect - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect
Cosmological Constant Problem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem
Quintessence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)
Renormalization Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization
Matter-Radiation Equality - Oxford Reference
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100140589
Cosmic Inflation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
Magnetic Monopole - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
Big Bang - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
Dark Energy - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/d/Dark+Energy
Heat Death - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe
...more
29min
June 05, 2021 What are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? Part 1
References
Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe
Dark Matter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
Dark Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
Galaxy Rotation Curve - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve
Virial Theorem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem
Lambda-CDM Model - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model
Scale Factor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)
Annihilation (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation
“Dark Matter--Hot or Not?” - Phys.org
https://phys.org/news/2016-08-dark-matterhot.html
Hot Dark Matter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dark_matter
Cold Dark Matter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_dark_matter
...more
30min
May 29, 2021 What are the Laws of Conservation?
References:
Conservation Law - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law
Conservation Law - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law
Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem
Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass-energy
Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy
Energy-Momentum Equivalence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation
Law of Conservation of Mass - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_linear_momentum
Angular Momentum (+ its Conservation Law) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum
Color Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
SU(3) Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3)
Weak Isospin - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin
Law of Conservation of Electric Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_conservation
Color Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
SU(3) Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3)
Weak Isospin - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin
Probability Current - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_current
...more
27min
May 22, 2021 Why do Women do Remarkably Better Than Men in School? Why do Men do Remarkably Better Than Women in the Office?
References:
“Why Girls Beat Boys at School and Lose to Them at the Office” - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/sunday/girls-school-confidence.html
“Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do” - The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/09/why-girls-get-better-grades-than-boys-do/380318/
“Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds” - Press Releases, American Psychological Association
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades
“Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991-2005” - National Institutes of Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678799/
Men are More Competitive Than Women - University of Amsterdam
https://ase.uva.nl/content/news/2019/11/men-are-more-competitive-than-women-in-the-workplace.html?cb
C-Suite Positions - Investopedia
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp
Women C-Suite Job Proportions - Korn Ferry
https://www.kornferry.com/insights/this-week-in-leadership/women-in-leadership-2019-statistics
LinkedIn Study Reveals Why Men are More Likely Than Women to be Noticed - CNBC
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/08/linkedin-study-reveals-why-men-are-more-likely-to-get-noticed-by-job-recruiters-than-women.html
LinkedIn Study Results - HRDIVE
https://www.hrdive.com/news/women-are-more-selective-when-job-searching-but-ask-for-fewer-referrals/549962/
Gender Inequality in the Workplace - Frontiers in Psychology
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400/full
...more
30min
May 15, 2021 What is Thermodynamics? What are the Laws of Thermodynamics?
References:
Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics - KhanAcademy
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics
Latent Heat - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat
Heat Capacity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity
Why Does a Ball Bounce Lower? - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/117091/why-does-a-ball-bounce-lower
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics
Closed System - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Closed_system
First Law of Thermodynamics - LiveScience
https://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html
Thermodynamics - LiveScience
https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html
Second Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Third Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics
...more
29min
May 08, 2021 What is Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)?
References:
Quantum Chromodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics
Strong CP (charge-parity) Problem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem
Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
Origin of the Word “Quark” - ScienceFriday
https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-quark/
Eightfold Way (Physics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)
Color Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
Non-Abelian Gauge Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian_gauge_theory
Lagrangian Function - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/Lagrangian-function
Yang-Mills Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory
Special Unitary Triplet - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group#The_group_SU(3)
Asymptotic Freedom - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom
Color Confinement - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement
Direct Photon Production - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_photons
Jet (Physics) and Hadronization - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics)
Peccei-Quinn Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory
Axion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion
...more
35min
May 01, 2021 What is the Hierarchy Problem in Particle Physics?
Edit: in the episode, the Higgs field is referred to as having a “mass of 250 GeV.” This is NOT correct; 250 GeV refers specifically to the energy of an object, as GeV is an energy, not a mass, scale. References:
Hierarchy Problem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem
Hierarchy Problem - Of Particular Significance
https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-hierarchy-problem/
Planck Mass - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Planck+Mass
Special Unitary Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group
Doublet State (Quantum Mechanics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_state
Determinant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant
Unitary Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group
Circle Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group
Q/A on SU(2) to U(1) Symmetry Breaking - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/370573/su2-to-u1-symmetry-breaking
Higgs Mechanism - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanism
Coupling Constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant
Coupling Constants of the Fundamental Forces
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/couple.html
Fermi’s Constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_constant
Supersymmetry - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry
Electroweak Interaction Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction
Coleman-Weinberg Mechanism - Scholarpedia
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Coleman-Weinberg_mechanism
...more
36min
April 24, 2021 What is the Relativistic Doppler Effect? Why do Distant Galaxies Appear “Redshifted?”
When gazing into the deep expanse of the universe and finding the distant quasars and galaxies, we notice a particular feature that is commonplace no matter where we look: the further away the galaxy or deep sky object is, the redder, or the longer wavelength, the object appears; it seems that a galaxy like the Andromeda Galaxy is far less red than a comparable galaxy that is 1.6 billion light years away. This feature was once noticed by the astrophysicist Edwin Hubble, a physicist that will be spoken of frequently in this chapter, who found that this reddening paradigm was more profound the further one looked out into the universe (a galaxy 100 million light years away will appear less “redshifted” than a galaxy 2 billion light years away, even if the two galaxies have the same compositions). This redshifting determined for Hubble that the universe was expanding, and he proved his findings through what is known as the Doppler Effect, which is the phenomenon that creates the redshifting Hubble used to determine that the universe was expanding. In this chapter, we will discuss the Doppler Effect, how it occurs, and what it represents.
References
Classical Doppler Effect - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
Relativistic Doppler Effect - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect
Cosmological Redshift - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/cosmological+redshift
Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe
Comoving and Proper Distance in Cosmology - David W. Hogg
https://cds.cern.ch/record/387177/files/9905116.pdf
Future of Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe
Heat Death - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe
Fate of the Universe - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Entropy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy
Thermodynamic Free Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy
...more
33min
April 17, 2021 What is the Speed of Light? What can Travel at the Speed of Light?
As we, being objects with mass, approach relativistic speeds, our masses continue to increase, and the energy required to propel us continues to increase; once we are near enough to the speed of light, a major mathematical and physical conflict occurs: not only are we now composed of infinite mass, but we also require infinite energy to propel ourselves. Considering the fact that there is not an infinite amount of energy, or mass, for that matter, in the universe, it is reasonable to believe that the speed of light is unattainable for us massive beings. Our travels are limited to short, interstellar neighborhood voyages. Even so, our failure in breaking physics, at least now, raises the question: what does actually travel at the speed of light, or for that matter, what even is the speed of light? In this chapter, we are to discuss the speed of light and the objects it is restricted to.

References:
Speed of Light - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light
Parallax Angle (Seconds of Arc) - NASA JPL
https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/teachers/attachments/parallax.html
Luminiferous Aether - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether
Lorentz Transformation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation
Caesium Standard - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_standard
History of Light - Photon terrace
https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/history/
A Very Brief History of Light - M. Suhail Zubairy
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_1
Refractive Index - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index
Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor
Massless Particle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particle
...more
32min
April 10, 2021 How is a Proton Positive and a Neutron Neutral? What are Quarks?
The atom is most definitely not the smallest particle and most definitely can be broken down into smaller pieces; even the protons and the neutrons that we considered to be fundamental particles in and of themselves can be broken down into smaller particles. In an attempt to open your minds beyond the delusion that the atom cannot be broken down, this chapter is to convey and communicate the building blocks of the building blocks of atoms, which we have alluded to oftentimes in previous chapters but have not covered in-depth. Welcome to the wondrous world of quarks.
References
Fifty Years of Quarks - CERN
https://home.cern/news/news/physics/fifty-years-quarks
Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
Particle Zoo (1960s) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo
Flavour (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)
Quark Model - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model
Pauli Exclusion Principle
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html#c2
Spin Classification of Elementary Particles
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html
Up Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark
Down Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark
Strange Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark
Charm Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark
Bottom Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark
CP Violation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation
Top Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark
...more
36min

FAQs about Learning by William:

How many episodes does Learning by William have?

The podcast currently has 69 episodes available.