Learning by William

References

Isotropy of Dark Energy - StackExchange

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/196729/is-dark-energy-homogeneous-and-or-isotropic

Quantum Field Theory - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory

Energy Density - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

Casimir Effect - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

Cosmological Constant Problem - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem

Quintessence - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)

Renormalization Theory - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization

Matter-Radiation Equality - Oxford Reference

https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100140589

Cosmic Inflation - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)

Magnetic Monopole - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)

Big Bang - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

Dark Energy - COSMOS

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/d/Dark+Energy

Heat Death - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

References

Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

Dark Matter - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

Dark Energy - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

Galaxy Rotation Curve - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve

Virial Theorem - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem

Lambda-CDM Model - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

Scale Factor - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)

Annihilation (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

“Dark Matter--Hot or Not?” - Phys.org

https://phys.org/news/2016-08-dark-matterhot.html

Hot Dark Matter - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dark_matter

Cold Dark Matter - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_dark_matter

References:

Conservation Law - Britannica

https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law

Conservation Law - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law

Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem

Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass-energy

Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

Energy-Momentum Equivalence - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation

Law of Conservation of Mass - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_linear_momentum

Angular Momentum (+ its Conservation Law) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum

Color Charge - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

SU(3) Group - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3)

Weak Isospin - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin

Law of Conservation of Electric Charge - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_conservation

Color Charge - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

SU(3) Group - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3)

Weak Isospin - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin

Probability Current - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_current

References:

“Why Girls Beat Boys at School and Lose to Them at the Office” - The New York Times

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/sunday/girls-school-confidence.html

“Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do” - The Atlantic

https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/09/why-girls-get-better-grades-than-boys-do/380318/

“Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds” - Press Releases, American Psychological Association

https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades

“Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991-2005” - National Institutes of Health

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678799/

Men are More Competitive Than Women - University of Amsterdam

https://ase.uva.nl/content/news/2019/11/men-are-more-competitive-than-women-in-the-workplace.html?cb

C-Suite Positions - Investopedia

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp

Women C-Suite Job Proportions - Korn Ferry

https://www.kornferry.com/insights/this-week-in-leadership/women-in-leadership-2019-statistics

LinkedIn Study Reveals Why Men are More Likely Than Women to be Noticed - CNBC

https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/08/linkedin-study-reveals-why-men-are-more-likely-to-get-noticed-by-job-recruiters-than-women.html

LinkedIn Study Results - HRDIVE

https://www.hrdive.com/news/women-are-more-selective-when-job-searching-but-ask-for-fewer-referrals/549962/

Gender Inequality in the Workplace - Frontiers in Psychology

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400/full

References:

Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics - KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics

Latent Heat - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat

Heat Capacity - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity

Why Does a Ball Bounce Lower? - StackExchange

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/117091/why-does-a-ball-bounce-lower

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

Closed System - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Closed_system

First Law of Thermodynamics - LiveScience

https://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html

Thermodynamics - LiveScience

https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html

Second Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

Third Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics

References:

Quantum Chromodynamics - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

Strong CP (charge-parity) Problem - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem

Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

Origin of the Word “Quark” - ScienceFriday

https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-quark/

Eightfold Way (Physics) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)

Color Charge - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

Non-Abelian Gauge Theory - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian_gauge_theory

Lagrangian Function - Britannica

https://www.britannica.com/science/Lagrangian-function

Yang-Mills Theory - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory

Special Unitary Triplet - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group#The_group_SU(3)

Asymptotic Freedom - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom

Color Confinement - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement

Direct Photon Production - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_photons

Jet (Physics) and Hadronization - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics)

Peccei-Quinn Theory - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory

Axion - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

When gazing into the deep expanse of the universe and finding the distant quasars and galaxies, we notice a particular feature that is commonplace no matter where we look: the further away the galaxy or deep sky object is, the redder, or the longer wavelength, the object appears; it seems that a galaxy like the Andromeda Galaxy is far less red than a comparable galaxy that is 1.6 billion light years away. This feature was once noticed by the astrophysicist Edwin Hubble, a physicist that will be spoken of frequently in this chapter, who found that this reddening paradigm was more profound the further one looked out into the universe (a galaxy 100 million light years away will appear less “redshifted” than a galaxy 2 billion light years away, even if the two galaxies have the same compositions). This redshifting determined for Hubble that the universe was expanding, and he proved his findings through what is known as the Doppler Effect, which is the phenomenon that creates the redshifting Hubble used to determine that the universe was expanding. In this chapter, we will discuss the Doppler Effect, how it occurs, and what it represents.

References

Classical Doppler Effect - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

Relativistic Doppler Effect - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect

Cosmological Redshift - COSMOS

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/cosmological+redshift

Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

Comoving and Proper Distance in Cosmology - David W. Hogg

https://cds.cern.ch/record/387177/files/9905116.pdf

Future of Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe

Heat Death - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

Fate of the Universe - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Entropy - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

Thermodynamic Free Energy - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy

As we, being objects with mass, approach relativistic speeds, our masses continue to increase, and the energy required to propel us continues to increase; once we are near enough to the speed of light, a major mathematical and physical conflict occurs: not only are we now composed of infinite mass, but we also require infinite energy to propel ourselves. Considering the fact that there is not an infinite amount of energy, or mass, for that matter, in the universe, it is reasonable to believe that the speed of light is unattainable for us massive beings. Our travels are limited to short, interstellar neighborhood voyages. Even so, our failure in breaking physics, at least now, raises the question: what does actually travel at the speed of light, or for that matter, what even is the speed of light? In this chapter, we are to discuss the speed of light and the objects it is restricted to.

References:

Speed of Light - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

Parallax Angle (Seconds of Arc) - NASA JPL

https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/teachers/attachments/parallax.html

Luminiferous Aether - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether

Lorentz Transformation - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation

Caesium Standard - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_standard

History of Light - Photon terrace

https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/history/

A Very Brief History of Light - M. Suhail Zubairy

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_1

Refractive Index - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor

Massless Particle - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particle

The atom is most definitely not the smallest particle and most definitely can be broken down into smaller pieces; even the protons and the neutrons that we considered to be fundamental particles in and of themselves can be broken down into smaller particles. In an attempt to open your minds beyond the delusion that the atom cannot be broken down, this chapter is to convey and communicate the building blocks of the building blocks of atoms, which we have alluded to oftentimes in previous chapters but have not covered in-depth. Welcome to the wondrous world of quarks.

References

Fifty Years of Quarks - CERN

https://home.cern/news/news/physics/fifty-years-quarks

Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

Particle Zoo (1960s) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo

Flavour (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)

Quark Model - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model

Pauli Exclusion Principle

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html#c2

Spin Classification of Elementary Particles

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html

Up Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark

Down Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

Strange Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark

Charm Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark

Bottom Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark

CP Violation - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation

Top Quark - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark