Lest We Forget

Since scholarship on the Ten Type Beauty Contest is limited, a large portion of the details on the pageant was taken from research conducted byDr. Rochelle Rowe in her book, “Imagining Caribbean Womanhood: Race, Nation & Beauty Competitions, 1929-1970” .

In 1955, Jamaica held the “Ten Type Beauty Contest” which was designed to showcase the diversity of Jamaica. Thus, ten separate beauty queens were chosen based on their race and complexion. The pageant’s international fanfare projected the idea of Jamaica been a racial paradise, where racism does not exist; and the country having the ability to convert racists. So positive was the reception of Ten Type to the Jamaica brand, the pageant became one of the biggest influences in shaping the nation's new national motto: "Out of Many, One People".

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Pearnel Charles, retired politician, former vice president of the Bustamante Industrial and Trade Union cohosted this episode to speak on his days advocating for bauxite workers in the 1960's. The Jamaican bauxite strikes of 1960’s were a staple of the development of the bauxite -alumina industry in the country as local workers spoke up about low wages and poor working conditions by the transnational corporation controlling the industry As far back as 1869, the red dirt in Jamaica has always fascinated persons living on the island. It was not until the early 1940’s however, that commercial value was put on this red dirt and thus started the beginning of the Jamaica - Bauxite industry. From the 1950’s onward, the bauxite-alumina industry has shape Jamaica’s economics, development and society. On this episode, we chronicle the early days of the bauxite-alumina industry, the rise of bauxite-alumina transnational corporations on the island and the famous bauxite strikes which took place in the 1960’s.

Song: Protection - Protoje ft Mortimer

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Coming off the heels of the banning of Guyanese historian Dr. Walter Rodney, been banned by the Jamaican government in 1968, almost ten months later, the Hugh Shearer led - Jamaican government would announce the banning one of the most renowned Caribbean economist, Dr. Clive. Y. Thomas. At the time, Dr. CY Thomas, was an economist professor at the University of the West Indies campus in Mona, Jamaica. The banning of the Guyanese professor would result in outcry across the region for the Jamaican government to announce the reason for the ban, as none was given; and for Caribbean governments to stop the act of undermining professors at the regional institutions in the wake of two professors been banned by the Jamaican government in less than a year. 

Song: Justice - Ziggy Marley & the Melody Makers

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“Among the tiny minority of politically motivated criminals in the 1970s none won as much notoriety and anxious concern from the authorities as did Dennis “Copper” Barth. Born in Kingston in 1951, Barth’s turn to crime came at an early age after he dropped out of the Rennock Lodge Elementary School at age twelve. By the time he was eighteen years old Barth had been convicted of several major offences, including murdering a policeman, for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment.19 By the mid- 1970s, Barth, who operated out of the Rennock Lodge area in East Kingston, had been declared “public enemy number one”. By age twenty-six, Barth was the youngest of the “most wanted” men in the country since the violent reign of “Rhygin” – Vincent “Ivanhoe” Martin – a feared gunman who was killed in 1948”

- Obika Gray

Song: Guard Up - Insedius

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In August of 1791, in the thick woods of St. Domingue (pre-revolutionary Haiti), enslaved persons gathered at Morne Rouge, at a specific place which will now become known as Bois Caïman. The meeting consists of about two hundred enslaves, sent from various plantations in the region. Presiding over the meeting was the Jamaican enslaved, Dutty Boukman. As Boukman, presided over the meeting and call upon the enslaved to take their freedom from the French oppressors, a woman would appeared suddenly in the meeting: Cecile Fatiman. Cecile would go on to perform what is now widely consider to be a voodoo ritual and prophesied the fall of the French colonisers in Haiti. As such, Bois Caïman, would go down in history as the event that kicked off the Haitian Revolution; the only successful black slave revolt in history. 

Song: Bois Caïman - King Kessy 

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In 1979, 1985 and 1999, Jamaica experienced three protests which would become known as the "Gas Riots" which were triggered by a hike in fuel prices by the respective governments of the time. In 1979, the Micheal Manley led PNP government announced that as of January 10, the price of premium gas will be increased by 20 cents a gallon; from $3.00 to $3.20 and the price of regular gas will move from the present $2.85 to $3.10 an increase of 25 cents. In 1985, the Edward Seaga led JLP government announced that as of 14 January that the price of a gallon of premium gasoline was to increase from J$8.99 to J$10.90 as well other similarly sharp increases in the prices of diesel, kerosene and cooking gas. In 1999, the PJ Patterson led PNP government would announced a $100 million in new taxes, most by a 30% levy in gas that raised prices from $1.55 to $2.00. All three protests, would see Jamaica be brought to its heel but not all three were successful in making the government roll back these new taxes. 

Song: Declaration of Rights - The Abyssinians

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The Hindu contributions to the development of Rastafari and the ways Indo-Jamaicans have help shaped the movement.

Song at the beginning of episode: Super Cat - Ghetto Red Hot

Song at the end of episode: Beverly Pancham Ramparsard - Chitawaniya Me Naina 

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On January 5 1978, the Military Intelligence Unit, a special unit of the Jamaica Defence Force, shot and killed five men at the Green Bay shooting range. In its aftermath, there would be plenty of commentary and debates on what exactly transpired. But wrapped its legacy is the events that came after where the shooting at Green Bay ultimately serve as a vehicle for citizens to be more on edge in the already political charged climate of 1970’s Jamaica. 

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The Christmas Rebellion, also known as the Baptist Rebellion, was an eleven-day rebellion that mobilised as many as sixty thousand of Jamaica’s three hundred thousand slaves in 1831–1832. The planning and organisation of the revolt came from enslaved literate leader Samuel “Daddy” Sharpe, who had been given limited freedom to move around the island. Sharpe used this freedom, especially his literacy and ability to travel, to discuss and plan for the actual revolt. Even though, it was to be a peaceful strike, on December 27, 1831, a fire, started by a woman, broke out on the Kensington Estate in St. James, would lead to the event that would be considered the largest slave rebellion in the British Caribbean. 

Song: Babylon System - Bob Marley and the Wailers

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On our first ever episode of Researcher's Cut, we spoke to author of Troubling Freedom: Antigua and the Aftermath of British Emancipation, Dr. Natasha Lightfoot. Dr. Lightfoot is an associate professor at Columbia University specialising in slavery and emancipation studies, and black identities, politics, and cultures in the fields of Caribbean, Atlantic World, and African Diaspora History. Her book, mentioned above, goes into the events which  contributed to the Antigua Riots of 1858. 

Song: Handsworth Revolution - Steel Pulse

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