Intramembrane proteolysis - hydrolysis of membrane proteins within or close to their membrane-spanning regions - is a crucial cellular process that is conserved throughout all kingdoms of life. It is executed by distinct classes of polytopic membrane proteins, the intramembrane-cleaving proteases, that provide a hydrophilic, proteinaceous environment accommodating membrane protein substrates as well as water molecules within the hydrophobic membrane interior and catalyse peptide bond hydrolysis. In particular, intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases have received attention as the presenilins, the catalytic subunits of the γ-secretase complex, were identified as key players in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. In addition to presenilins, mammalian genomes harbour presenilin homologues which include signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and SPP-like (SPPL) proteases. Among these, the Golgi-resident protease SPPL3 stands out as it is highly conserved among metazoa and SPPL3 orthologues are also found in plants. However, due to the lack of known substrates, SPPL3 has thus far hardly been characterised. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify its substrates and elucidate its physiological function(s).
In the first part of this study, the foamy virus envelope glycoprotein (FVenv) was identified as the first substrate of SPPL3. This allowed to study SPPL3's proteolytic activity in detail, with a focus on its substrate selectivity and sensitivity towards previously characterised inhibitors of intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases. Importantly, this study revealed in addition that two other intramembrane-cleaving proteases, SPPL2a and SPPL2b, also endoproteolyse FVenv. SPPL2b in particular had been studied in detail before and therefore SPPL3- and SPPL2b- mediated endoproteolysis of FVenv were examined in parallel to directly compare these phylogenetically related intramembrane-cleaving proteases. This uncovered an unexpected idiosyncrasy of SPPL3 that clearly sets SPPL3 apart from other intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases: SPPL3 endoproteolysed full-length FVenv and did not require the substrate's prior tailoring by another proteolytic activity - an otherwise common phenomenon among intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases.
In the second part, the physiological function of SPPL3 was investigated. Alterations in the cellular levels of proteolytically active SPPL3 turned out to impact the composition of N-glycans attached to endogenous cellular glycoproteins. SPPL3 over-expression was accompanied by a decrease in glycoprotein molecular weight, i.e. a hypoglycosylation phenotype, while loss of SPPL3 expression in cell culture models but also in vivo resulted in a hyperglycosylation phenotype. This led to the identification of Golgi glycan-modifying enzymes such as GnT-V and β3GnT1 as novel physiological substrates of SPPL3. Loss or reduction of SPPL3 expression, for instance, led to a marked intracellular accumulation of these enzymes, explaining the more extensive N-glycan elaboration and the hyperglycosylation phenotype observed under these conditions. At the same time secretion of these enzymes was reduced under these conditions. Together with additional observations such as the mapping of the SPPL3 cleavage site to the membrane-spanning region of GnT-V, this study demonstrates that SPPL3-mediated intramembrane proteolysis of such glycan-modifying enzymes liberates their active site-harbouring ectodomains. Acting in this manner, SPPL3 controls the intracellular pool of active glycan-modifying enzymes.
Importantly, the finding that SPPL3 proteolytically cleaves full-length glycan-modifying enzymes and sheds their ectodomains is well in line with the observations made for FVenv and suggested that SPPL3 acts functionally equivalent to classical sheddases or rhomboid proteases but much unlike all other characterised mammalian intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases. To examine whether these observations hold also tr