The genus Legionella consists of environmental bacteria which are the causative agents of
the severe pneumonia Legionnaires’ disease. L. longbeachae and L. pneumophila are able
to replicate intracellularly in human alveolar macrophages and aquatic or soil amoebae. In
order to replicate within host cells the bacteria establish a compartment derived from the
endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) which is called “Legionella-containing vacuole” (LCV). A
bacterial intracellular multiplication/defective in organelle transport (Icm/Dot) type IV
secretion system (T4SS) is essential for the formation of this LCV. The Icm/Dot T4SS
enables translocation of effector proteins into the host cell. More than 100 effector proteins
are presumably translocated during an L. longbeachae infection whereas around 300
translocated effector proteins are known for L. pneumophila. During maturation the LCV
communicates with vesicles from the endocytic vesicle trafficking pathway, avoids fusion
with lysosomes and instead fuses with the ER. Phosphoinositides (PI) such as
phosphatitdylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) are enriched on the LCV which mediate
the binding of Icm/Dot translocated effector proteins like SidCLpn (substrate of Icm/Dot
transporter) as well as its paralogous protein SdcALpn.
The 73 kDa effector SidM but not the 106 kDa SidCLpn was found in a previous
phosphoinositide pulldown assay with L. pneumophila lysate to be the major PtdIns(4)P
binding protein. Using L. longbeachae lysate we showed binding of the 111 kDa SidCLlo to
PtdIns(4)P in a phosphoinositide pulldown. This result was confirmed by protein-lipid
overlay assays using “PIP-strips”. In further analysis the P4C (PtdIns(4)P-binding of SidC)
domain was identified as a 19 kDa domain of SidCLlo located in the amino acid region 609
to 782. This P4C domain was located in the same region as the 20 kDa SidCLpn_P4C domain
of L. pneumophila. Both P4C domains can be used as LCV markers. This was shown with
GST-tagged proteins binding to LCVs in a cell homogenate. The two P4C domains show a
sequence identity of only 45% and the full-length protein of 40%. Circular dichroism
measurements revealed that the secondary structure of the two proteins is similar.
Moreover, isothermal titration calorimetric measurements indicated a 3.4 higher affinity of
SidCLlo towards PtdIns(4)P compared with SidCLpn.
In RAW 264.7 macrophages infected with L. longbeachae we showed that endogenous
SidCLlo as well as heterologously produced SidCLpn is translocated to the LCV in an Icm/Dot-dependent manner. The deletion of the sidCLlo gene led to a reduced recruitment
of calnexin to the LCV in infected Dictyostelium discoideum. This effect was
complemented by adding plasmid-encoded SidCLlo, SidCLpn or SdcALpn. The same
recruitment defect for a L. pneumophila strain lacking the sidCLpn and sdcALpn genes was
complemented by the production of SidCLlo and SidCLpn as published before. Therefore,
these effectors play a role for pathogen-host interactions by promoting the recruitment of
ER to the LCV. L. longbeachae or L. pneumophila wild-type strains outcompeted their
sidC deletion mutant in a competition assay in Acanthamoeba castellanii. However neither
of the deletion mutants were impaired in their growth in single strain replication
experiments. In summary despite of the small sequence identity and the higher binding
affinity to PtdIns(4)P of SidCLlo compared to SidCLpn both effector proteins seem to have
similar functions during an infection of Legionella.
For the characterization of L. longbeachae-containing vacuoles through proteomic
analysis, LCVs had to be isolated from infected D. discoideum or RAW 264.7
macrophages. Endogenous SidCLlo or heterologously produced SidCLpn were used as LCV
markers for the isolation. Pathogen vacuoles harbouring L. longbeachae were isolated by
immuno-affinity purification using antibodies specifically recognizing SidCLlo or SidCLpn.
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