Ch. 48 discusses three conditions affecting the pancreas and biliary system: acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and gallbladder problems including cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, as well as gallbladder cancer. For each condition, the text outlines the etiology and pathophysiology, describing what causes the condition and how it affects the body. Clinical manifestations are detailed, covering the signs and symptoms experienced by patients. The document also reviews diagnostic studies used to identify these illnesses, potential complications that can arise, and various interprofessional and nursing care approaches, including medical, surgical, and nutritional therapies.