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South African manganese mining company Jupiter Mines announced on Tuesday that it has produced a 99.9% pure sample of high purity manganese sulphate monohydrate (HPMSM) using the Northern Cape's manganese ore and bringing into service an internally developed hydrometallurgical production process.

Inclusion of the battery grade manganese in the cathode of electric vehicle batteries introduces cost efficient energy density and potential safety enhancements, Jupiter stated in its media release to Mining Weekly.

Jupiter's advance towards producing HPMSM follows that of Manganese Metal Co (MMC), chaired by South African mining stalwart Bernard Swanepoel.

As reported by Engineering News & Mining Weekly in September, MMC is in the early phase of constructing a small-scale 5 000 t/y commercial HPMSM plant in Mbombela (Nelspruit), which is expected to be in production by 2026. This plant will be a brownfield addition to MMC's high purity electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) refinery.

The wording of the Jupiter media release to Mining Weekly is that the Australia-listed company's advance is "the first published record of HPMSM being produced by a South African manganese miner using its own process". The manganese product is described as being of battery-grade quality in conformity with specifications provided by the International Manganese Institute.

"We are very encouraged by the high purity testing results that we've achieved through the HPMSM production process that we developed, as well as the progress we are making on our business case development more generally. Our aim is to bring distinctive value to this downstream integration strategy and to derive attractive returns in exchange," said Jupiter MD Brad Rogers.

Next year, MMC will complete half a century of being a producer of the world's purest 99.9% manganese EMM metal from ore that is mined in the Kalahari by Johannesburg-, Sydney- and London-listed diversified mining company South32.

For some time, customers have been buying MMC's high purity manganese metal to dissolve it into HPMSM, and this has prompted MMC to enter the HPMSM production space itself.

Once the 5 000 t/y plant is built, accredited and goes into the batteries of the world, then the sky will be the limit for MMC, which will be able to step out and put South Africa on the battery grade manganese map.

MMC's forward movement into HPMSM is taking place amid key battery electric vehicle (BEV) manufacturers pursuing this more affordable and greener cathode active material with higher manganese content as the material of choice.

Jupiter is performing location studies to determine the ideal location of its first plant. The base case for this work is that Jupiter's refining facility will be in US or Canada, with Europe an alternative.

Ultimately, the decision will be informed by a variety of key criteria, including the location of likely offtake partners.

Jupiter is also considering the merits of producing a manganese concentrate in South Africa, prior to transportation and refinement in North America or elsewhere.

At this year's Fastmarkets European Battery Raw Materials event in Amsterdam, MMC market development executive Madelein Todd highlighted the commitment of MMC to produce sought-after HPMSM in Mbombela directly from manganese ore, in addition to being the producer of the world's highest 99.9% pure manganese metal going back to 1974.

Meanwhile, Jupiter, based on its strategic analysis and discussions with market participants, expressed belief that there will be "a growing and long-term demand for HPMSM, which will be undersupplied for a period commencing in the late 2020s".

Jupiter quoted the International Energy Agency as finding that the typical BEV will require more manganese than lithium and cobalt and Bloomberg New Energy Finance as expecting a supply deficit of 72% (relative to total demand) by 2030.

On track to complete ...

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The global transition to net zero emissions by 2050 requires significant deployment of clean energy technologies and increased material production and infrastructure.

This is top of mind within the Martin Preece-led Gold Fields, which has been exemplary when it comes to the commissioning of renewable energy.

Now it has taken a big new step within the Scope 3 decarbonisation area where even angels fear to tread. This is because, unlike Scope 1 and 2 emissions, over which companies have considerable control, Scope 3 emissions are generated outside their direct influence, both upstream and downstream of the value chain.

Gold Fields announced its new commitment on Monday, when it pledged to reduce Scope 3 carbon emissions by a net 10% from a 2022 baseline target.

This is in addition to the Johannesburg- and New York-listed decarbonisation forward strider going all out to cut its Scope 1 and 2 emissions by a net 30% by 2030 from a 2016 baseline.

The gold mining company has been quick off the mark commissioning 50 MW of solar power at its South Deep gold mine, west of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, where, in addition, it is now also looking to the commissioning of 60 MW to 80 MW of wind power.

Now the decarbonisation grafter Gold Fields has been quick off the mark in arriving at its Scope 3 target. To arrive at its latest advance, 18 months were spent working with the key suppliers to its mines to arrive at total 2022 Scope 3 emissions being 980 000 t of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e), which represents 36% of its total 2022 outpouring of 2 696 000 t CO2e.

The 36% level is an increase from the 25% reported previously and is based on the greenhouse-gas protocol and a new methodology by the International Council of Mining & Metals, launched in September this year.

The change now represents a summarised 74% Scope 3 baseline advance and overall 18% triple-scope decarbonisation intensification.

Meeting the Scope 3 emissions reduction target will require collaborative engagement with, and, ultimately, the successful implementation of decarbonisation efforts by its suppliers.

Gold mining companies generally have negligible downstream emissions as gold is largely refined before being sold for final use.

The study found that the company's most significant upstream contributors to Scope 3 emissions were suppliers of fuels, mining services, cement and explosives.

Gold Fields will now intensify its engagement with the majority of its suppliers to reassess its decarbonisation progress, status, and targets in 2025 amid also opting to be net zero carbon by 2050 in line with its signature to the Paris Agreement.

Gold Fields Interim CEO Preece described as critical extension of the company's decarbonisation commitment to its supply chain.

"We'll be working with our suppliers to ensure that we jointly address our climate change impacts and actively engage those suppliers who have not yet committed to emission reductions.

"Other strategies include switching to greener products, moving to greener suppliers, and making emission reductions part of our procurement criteria," Preece stated in a release to Mining Weekly.

The current 10% reduction target means that the company has to cut 100 000 t CO2e from its 2022 Scope 3 emission baseline of 980 000 t CO2e by 2030. As measured by emissions intensity, this will require a reduction from 346 000 g CO2e/oz in 2022 to 314 000 g CO2e/oz by 2030.

In contrast, its Scope 1 and 2 reduction commitments are against a 2016 baseline, when the company launched its climate change strategy, and require a net reduction of 510 000 t CO2e by 2030.

On a per-ounce basis, the reduction will be from 788 000 g CO2e/oz in 2016 to 423 000 g CO2e/oz.

As Gold Fields is expecting higher production levels by 2030, absolute reduction cuts could be significantly higher.

Owing to considerable renewable energy investment, which now accounts for 17% of its elect...

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South Africa has a pressing need to reawaken its public markets and the new Utshalo must be complimented for setting out to do just that.

New mining capital raisings have become too few and far between, liquidity is drying up, and the delisting trend on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) must be reversed.

Utshalo, which has the potential to end the negative trend, is a new digital investment platform that is bridging gaps for non-institutional investors by reconnecting retail investors with companies seeking to raise capital in South Africa's public markets.

As the creation of former Nedbank investment banker Paul Miller and investor marketing company Ince, Utshalo has a plan of action to present initial public offerings (IPOs).

It will re-connect issuers and investors in the primary market, mainly for new issues of shares, where companies want to raise new money, such as takes place with new public market listings.

This crucial new enterprise will also help holders of illiquid blocks of shares find buyers in the secondary market, but the trade will be settled off market.

A limited number of relatively large transactions a year is Utshalo's hope, with investor members being required to have an existing stockbroking account, with, for example, an investment platform such as EasyEquities, for secondary trade.

Transactions will be settled through Strate, a long-standing component of the financial market ecosystem, using the investors' existing stockbroking accounts.

Stockbrokers - similar to EasyEquities - trade exclusively in the secondary market where shares trade between anonymous willing buyers and willing sellers and the issuer is not involved.

In the past, as a service to their clients, stockbrokers would participate in the primary market by soliciting participation, for example, in IPOs or accelerated bookbuilds and they were not able to charge the issuer for the service because of the obvious conflict of interest.

In contrast, Utshalo, a licensed financial service provider, will be paid by the issuer (or seller) and will offer the service at no cost to the investor.

It is not a competitor to stockbrokers and inhabits a market niche entirely its own. In offering a complementary service that aims to encourage more market participation by retail and other non-institutional investors, it needs stockbrokers, which will continue to conduct all the secondary on-market trade.

"We also aim to simplify the process for stockbrokers by taking on a lot of the administration of these types of primary market transactions," Miller tells Mining Weekly.

Importantly, Utshalo acts only as an intermediary and does not, at any time, hold the cash of investors, nor their securities.

"There is an interesting paradox here in that the financial services sector wants to earn fees (amongst the highest in the world) by managing all retail savings at scale in collective investment schemes. However, to do so, the financial services sector needs a vibrant public market, and to have a vibrant public market, far more direct retail participation is needed than is currently the case," Miller points out.

Utshalo provides a platform that will directly present IPOs, offers, placements and transactions, such as accelerated bookbuilds and off-market settled block trades, to non-institutional investors.

Targeted is the facilitation of a regulatory-compliant, low-friction way for investors seeking investment and trading opportunities, and for companies looking to raise capital or address the illiquidity of their stock, to transact. This, in turn, will help to foster that resurgence of the vibrancy of South Africa's public markets, which is so urgently needed.

Very insightfully, Utshalo has recognised the pressing need to recreate a direct relationship between non-institutional investors, especially retail stockbroking account holders, and companies seeking growth capital, or is...

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Diversified mining company African Rainbow Minerals (ARM) is supporting postdoctoral research into water, energy and digitalisation at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg.

The investment is firmly located within the university's mining precinct and dovetails with the university's broader initiatives in quantum computing, fintech and innovation.

ARM will sponsor a R20-million endowment, which will be invested in perpetuity. The investment return on the endowment will be used to support research in the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment.

The ARM postgraduate fellowship programme aims to develop a critical mass of skills in South Africa through supporting a new cohort of postdoctoral fellows specialising in water resource management, digitalisation, and work towards a Just Energy Transition.

ARM founder and executive chairperson, Dr Patrice Motsepe, a Wits alumnus, described partnering with South African institutions of higher learning as being of paramount importance.

"Public-private partnerships are crucial in addressing the socio-economic and environmental challenges confronting our communities and country," Motsepe emphasised.

"ARM works with several universities across South Africa, supporting young people from undergraduate to post-graduate studies, helping them to realise their dreams," said Motsepe.

"Some of these students come from communities neighbouring our mining operations. We also contribute to the development and upliftment of poor rural and urban communities in South Africa by educating students from these communities," Motsepe added.

Wits Vice-Chancellor and Principal Professor Zeblon Vilakazi, in a release to Mining Weekly, recognised the importance of digital transformation in the mining industry, and the necessity to develop the critical skills needed to advance South Africa's economy.

Vilakazi expressed confidence that through more private sector partnerships such as the ARM partnership, Wits could help to make a major contribution to the development of the critical skills and research needed to secure long-term mining industry sustainability.

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Dean, Professor Thokozani Majozi, highlighted the need for urgency in transitioning to a more sustainable and just energy system.

"Research and promotion of accessible, affordable, and socio-economically just renewable energy solutions are our top priorities," said Majozi, who reiterated the university's aim to contribute to the sustainable management of water resources through research, education, increased awareness and community engagement.

"This includes addressing challenges related to water scarcity, pollution and climate change," he added.

ARM CEO Phillip Tobias described the postdoctoral fellowship programme as testament to ARM's commitment to addressing critical challenges in water, energy and digitalisation.

"This initiative is about creating a pipeline of future critical skills that will cater for future business needs. We believe that through this collaboration, we can make a significant impact and leave a lasting legacy that will provide innovative and sustainable solutions that will benefit not only the mining industry but broader South African society as well," Tobias said.

The ARM Wits partnership has resulted in the current Chamber of Mines Building on the Braamfontein West Campus, facing the M1 highway, being renamed the Wits ARM Building, an edifice which is a central component of the university's academic and research infrastructure.

Opened in 1989 with the fourth quadrant completed in 2012, the building houses the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment's administration, the School of Mining Engineering, and the School of Electrical and Information Engineering. It is also home to the multidisciplinary Wits Mining Institute, DigiMine, and two other research entities.

Mining Weekly Editor Martin Creamer discusses South Deep being boosted by another 50 MW to 80 MW of wind power; the green knowledge exchange tender that aims to accelerate green hydrogen development in South Africa; and the all-time high industrial demand for platinum.

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New demand for platinum group metals (PGMs) may be created in the energy generation and storage field, Toronto- and New York-listed Platinum Group Metals (PTM) stated on Wednesday.

The unique properties of PGMs as powerful catalysts are being applied to various technologies as possible solutions for more efficient energy generation and storage, PTM, headed by CEO Frank Hallam, stated in a release to Mining Weekly.

Highlighted in the 2023 annual results document was PTM's battery technology initiative, which has reached an advanced stage in partnership with the Johannesburg Stock Exchange-listed Anglo American Platinum (Amplats).

Lion Battery Technologies has engaged the Battery Innovation Center in the US to help drive commercialisation of its next generation platinum- and palladium-based battery chemistries.

Lion is advancing both proprietary lithium-sulphur and enhanced lithium-ion, or NMC, technology using the catalytic properties of platinum and palladium.

The Lion battery technology initiative with partner Amplats involves a potential entry of PGMs into the high-profile lithium battery research and innovation field.

Lion's target is to develop batteries with specific energies that are 20% to 100% higher than current technologies while meeting or exceeding their present cycle lives.

The investment in Lion creates a potential vertical integration with a broader industrial market development strategy to bring new technologies to market which use palladium and platinum.

Research and development efforts by Florida International University on behalf of Lion are ongoing. Technical results from Lion's research may have application to most lithium-ion battery chemistries and the scope of Lion's research work is being expanded.

Independent small- and large-scale trials to validate Lion's proprietary platinum- and palladium-based electrode composition, slurry, and films in both lithium-sulphur and lithium-ion coin and pouch cells are being conducted.

WATERBERG PROJECT

PTM is focussed on advancing the Waterberg project, located on the northern limb of South Africa's Bushveld Complex.

The near-term objectives of the Waterberg project, planned as a mechanised, shallow, decline access palladium, platinum, gold and rhodium mine, are to take a development and construction decision, along with construction financing and concentrate offtake agreements.

As of November 21, the directors, and shareholders of Waterberg JV Resources have been in the process of approving a Stage 3 budget of $1.62-million for continued work on the Waterberg project.

The Stage 3 budget - from September 1, 2023, to February 29, 2024 - is a subcomponent of the $21-million work programme approved in principle last year.

PTM has reported the closing of a non-brokered private placement of common shares at a price of $1.18 a share. An aggregate of 2 118 645 common shares were issued to existing major beneficial shareholder, South Africa's Hosken Consolidated Investments, through its subsidiary Deepkloof Limited, resulting in gross proceeds to the company of $2.5-million.

Closing of the private placement allowed Hosken, headed by CEO Johnny Copelyn, to return to a near 27% interest in PTM.

Japan Organisation for Metals and Energy Security, known as Jogmec, and Hanwa have established a special purpose company to hold and fund their future equity interests in the Waterberg project.

The combined interests of Jogmec (12.195%) and Hanwa (9.755%) were consolidated into a 21.95% interest going forward.

Many exploration boreholes sunk have intercepted PGMs mineralisation consistent as part of the Waterberg project, which is being jointly developed with the Johannesburg Stock Exchange-listed Impala Platinum together with Mnombo, Jogmec and Hanwa.

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During 2023, platinum has benefited from stellar industrial demand to reach a record level, with 2024 heading for the third-highest industrial demand spot.

Today's publication of the platinum quarterly of World Platinum Investment Council (WPIC) also states that there has also been a strong 14% recovery in automotive production and, of most significance, ongoing growth in platinum-for-palladium substitution.

The platinum deficit trend continues, with a shortfall of 353 000 oz forecast for 2024, and this year's deficit going beyond the one-million-ounce mark.

Both mining and recycling supply are expected to be well below pre-Covid levels in 2023 and 2024 and investment demand is forecast to remain positive in next year.

WPIC research director Edward Sterck outlined to Mining Weekly aspects around exceptionally strong year-on-year demand growth of 26% as well as far-reaching aspects of the industrial demand growth and the forces that are at play when it comes to investment in platinum. (Also watch attached Creamer Media video.)

Regarding the sectors that helped industrial demand for platinum to soar sky-high, Sterck had this to say: "Probably the number one sector to highlight would be the glass sector. Platinum is used in a platinum/rhodium alloy that's used in the glass bushings for the production of fiberglass. It's also used in the casting vessels for fiberglass and for high-quality liquid-crystal display (LCD) screens.

"Now, that's really been one of the big drivers of the increase in demand for 2023. We do see things easing up a bit for 2024, but that's still the third-highest year for industrial demand on record," said Sterck.

"Just specifically for the glass sector, it's worth noting that we're expecting a doubling of installed wind turbine capacity between now and 2030, which is quite a significant increase, and the blades for those wind turbines will largely be made of fiberglass that requires the platinum-containing facilities for the manufacturing of the fibreglass that goes into those.

"Other sectors that are worth noting include the medical sector, which is continuing to grow at a fairly steady pace. Additionally within the industrial categories, we have electrolysers and stationary fuel cells. This is related to green hydrogen, and whilst it's starting off from a small base, it is growing pretty quickly - with proton exchange membrane electrolysers, which contain platinum catalysts for the production of green hydrogen, and then also stationary fuel cells, which contain platinum catalysts for taking the green hydrogen as an energy carrier and using it to generate electricity."

Industrial demand for 2023 is predicted to surge by 14% year-on-year (317 000 oz) reaching 2 652 000 oz - marking the strongest year on record.

Glass demand lifted by more than 50%, or 251 000 oz, and the chemical sector by 10%, or 68 000 oz-plus. While industrial demand is forecast to fall 11% in 2024, it will nevertheless be the third-highest level on record at 2 367 000 oz.

Mined supply is expected to remain low in 2023, and will increase by just 3% next year in 2024. What are the factors behind this, and how long is supply likely to remain constrained?

In 2023, mine supply has been held back to a degree by planned maintenance, mainly in downstream processing infrastructure in South Africa, as well as, more at the beginning of the year, the impacts of the ongoing challenges that Eskom's facing, and the shortage of electricity supply. Those problems seem to have eased a bit, and certainly the miners have done a good job of managing the challenges that the electricity shortages have presented. But looking into next year, it's predominantly a result of just further planned infrastructure. Nornickel, the Russian nickel and palladium mining and smelting company, has a large smelter rebuild that was originally planned to be conducted in the fourth quarter of this...

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The implementation of study tours aimed at boosting the acceleration of green hydrogen development in South Africa form the core of a tender just called, which closes on December 8.

Mining Weekly can report that this is being done amid the ability of green hydrogen to create a significant new economy with a multiplicity of business models and opportunities, and a growing number of people coming to understand that green hydrogen is the champagne of the energy transition.

The knowledge-exchange tender has been called by the the German sustainability organisastion Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), which is a long-standing promoter of green hydrogen development in South Africa, through the Hydrogen South Africa project.

GIZ, working on behalf of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, is inviting bids from companies with a local South African presence.

Despite the promising conditions for the development of a green hydrogen economy in South Africa, many are finding the uptake far less widespread than they could be and want any challenges that continue to persist to be tackled with urgency.

The GIZ tender is aimed at improving networking among institutions engaged with green hydrogen research, innovation and development within the Southern African region, where Namibia is certainly catching the eye. To be built in Namibia in the next ten months is a green hydrogen pilot plant and refuelling facilities to gain scientific insights into the implications of upscaling green hydrogen technologies.

GIZ wants the company that wins the study tours tender to engender an exchange of green hydrogen knowledge, good co-ordination, and maximum collaboration, which many believe to be urgent. Tender documents are available for downloading at https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/133334.html

IMPORTANT FOR ENERGY TRANSITION

Green hydrogen and its derivatives ensure that green energy can be distributed over very long distances.

These can also provide the storage capacity that fluctuating renewable energy requires, given that the more fluctuating the renewable energy is, the greater the storage that will be needed.

Green hydrogen is also the first choice wherever more efficient battery technology is not advisable and whenever high efficiency does not play a key role, for example, in times of high renewable energy production and low demand.

It is only green hydrogen, which is hydrogen produced from renewable energies through electrolysis, can help the world protect the climate in the most ubiquitous fashion.

ZERO-EMISSION LIVING

Last month, in an earlier tender, GIZ last called for bidders to use its available green hydrogen toolkit to enhance green hydrogen in communities.

In that tender, it wanted the winning service provider to amplify green hydrogen at the smaller community end of the green hydrogen spectrum, to balance out the concentration at the big end of that spectrum.

The toolkit was described as a practical, user-friendly, and customisable community development instrument to support green hydrogen projects within a community development context.

This is aimed at ensuring that community development is not left out of the global advance towards zero-emission living as companies involved in realising zero-emission obligations typically deploy extensive expertise in renewable energies, green energy and green infrastructure.

Most projects have tended not to extend green hydrogen benefits to communities as much as is possible and the toolkit is highlighted as a pathway to improved green community inclusion, which is key if South Africa is to make inroads into the green hydrogen economy in an equitable and credible manner.

PLATINUM DEMAND

The large opencast Mogalakwena mine in Limpopo is using green hydrogen to power its nuGen zero emission haulage solution, that is scheduled to be spread globally across the group.

Already...

Mining Weekly Editor Martin Creamer discusses the far-reaching iridium-thrifting breakthrough that happened this week; Germany funding a green hydrogen pilot plant in Namibia; and the major value boost that South African ilmenite has received.

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Green hydrogen produced on site can play a huge role in solving the energy crisis as it eliminates the challenges associated with establishing electrical distribution networks over vast distances, says Hydrox Holdings CEO Corrie de Jager.

"Access to dependable energy can be the catalyst to improving the lives of many and with access to electricity the potential of Africa's people can be developed," De Jager points out in a release to Engineering News & Mining Weekly.

Hydrox's Proudly South African divergent electrode flow through (DEFTTM) technology, already a recipient of South Africa's National Science and Technology Forum Award for Innovation, last year won top recognition in Monaco at the principality's inaugural hydrogen forum.

DEFT allows hydrogen-producing electrolysers to operate without membranes at higher temperatures, resulting in significantly improved electrical efficiencies.

The African Hydrogen Partnership estimates that more than 600-million people in Africa have no access to electricity. "To replace paraffin and diesel with methanol and hydrogen is going to make a massive impact in people's lives," says De Jager.

"At conference after conference we learn about big plans and vast amounts available for the development of green hydrogen in South Africa but the execution of these plans is unfortunately lacking.

"Many engineers and firms, including ourselves, that have the technology and knowhow to immediately implement hydrogen-related projects, are faced with the harsh reality that access to funding is just about impossible.

"The relevant governmental agencies, and even the venture capital firms in control of these funds, are so busy 'de-risking' projects that smaller enterprises are denied access to funding - and in the process South Africa is losing valuable skills and technology," he says.

Hydrox calculates that its membraneless DEFT has the potential to reduce the cost of producing hydrogen by up to 30%.

Envisaged when Hydrox beat off 15 global strongholds, among them the US, Europe, Canada, Australia and India to win its Monoco award, was that the principality could use the South African technology in a marine context.

"They've got these huge motor boats lying out there in the harbour, massive ones, that all use diesel, and they want to replace the diesel with green hydrogen - as do the countries alongside them, such as Spain and Italy, Gibraltar and Malta. They all approached us. They have a huge need to get into the green hydrogen space," De Jager told Engineering News & Mining Weekly last December.

"There is great excitement about South Africa's plans to take advantage of our abundant sunshine and to a lesser degree our wind resources to generate green hydrogen industries for export to Europe and Japan.

"This is great news for all our green pundits but from a purely practical view, it is difficult to see how we in South Africa can compete in the export market," he contends.

Australia is investing heavily in green hydrogen; existing pipelines of Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt, with already developing green hydrogen zones, can pump methanol at low cost; Namibia, with existing infrastructure in place, is receiving financial support from Germany; and Spain, with significant solar and wind resources, is developing its own green hydrogen industries.

Germany is completing a study which indicates that South Africa needs to make itself more competitive.

At the end of the month, Hydrox will, once again, be presenting in Monaco, where it will be highlighting a solution to large-scale energy storage at high energy efficiencies.

DEFT, without a membrane, allows for higher temperature production and can operate off seawater and treated acid mine water.

Standard electrolysers use a heat exchanger system to remove excess heat so that it does not supersede the maximum operating temperature of the membrane. Within DEFT, this excess temp...