In this video, I will discuss a syndrome where female indirect inguinal hernias are surprisingly common, where they otherwise would be rare. Through this explanation, I relate the biochemistry of sexual differentiation and anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall.

A retrospective analysis of 270 girls with inguinal hernia (Sarpel et. al, 2005) found that found that 1.1% of premenstrual girls with inguinal hernias have this syndrome

Reference:

Sarpel, U., Palmer, S. and Dolgin, S. (2005). The incidence of complete androgen insensitivity in girls with inguinal hernias and assessment of screening by vaginal length measurement. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 40(1), pp.133-137.

In this video, I use two monogenic autoimmune disorders to explain the principles of central and peripheral tolerance, the body's natural mechanism against self-reacting lymphocytes. This video specifically focuses on T-lymphocyte-mediated autoimmunity, using two genes as exemplars: AIRE and FOXP3

In this video, I dive deep into the world of microRNAs.

I explain where they come from, how they mature and what they do. I then apply these principles to explain some of the known pathophysiology of neuroblastoma, focusing on a well-defined microRNA aberration (miRNA-34a associated with 1p deletion) and a newly-discovered microRNA dysfunction (miRNA-128A), both of which are tumour suppressor miRNAs. I also describe what I feel to be an example of excellent scientific research, which goes from the lab to the clinic and back!

In this video, I start a series of videos where I discuss the molecular basis of the hallmarks of cancer.

I focus here on disorders of growth factor stimulation.

I make reference to HER2-positive breast cancer, glioblastoma, neurofibromatosis type 1, CML, Burkitt lymphoma and neuroblastoma

In this video, I dive into the deep end of neuroanatomy, focusing on:

- Embryological origins of the nervous system,

- Skull base anatomy with respect to the foramina (03:10),

- Cranial nerves of the orbit

- Cranial nerves with respect to the pharyngeal arches (12:33),

- Functions and distributions of autonomic nerves (19:44),

- Upper vs lower motor neurone lesions (21:40),

- Functional stroke anatomy (23:37) and

- Physiology and anatomy of the basal ganglia (28:16).

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In this video, I explain why epinephrine is life saving in acute anaphylaxis. I explain a bit about the physiology of endogenous epinephrine as well as the receptor pharmacology of administered epinephrine (Epi pen) with respect to maintaining patent airways, breathing and adequate circulation. I also explain the importance of removing the allergenic agent that triggered the reaction, to prevent further histamine and cytokine production.

In this video, I discuss the general concept of how our body and mind provide 'danger' signals in response to harmful stimuli in our environment (e.g. pain) and body (e.g. acidosis).

I focus on the pathology and neuropsychology of fear-conditioning, using bilateral amygdala dysfunction (Urbach-Wiethe disease) as an example

References

Feinstein, J., Buzza, C., Hurlemann, R., Follmer, R., Dahdaleh, N., Coryell, W., Welsh, M., Tranel, D. and Wemmie, J. (2013). Fear and panic in humans with bilateral amygdala damage. Nature Neuroscience, 16(3), pp.270-272.

Hamada, T. (2002). Lipoid proteinosis maps to 1q21 and is caused by mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene (ECM1). Human Molecular Genetics, 11(7), pp.833-840.

Nagasako, E., Oaklander, A. and Dworkin, R. (2003). Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update. Pain, 101(3), pp.213-219.

Thornton, H., Nel, D., Thornton, D., van Honk, J., Baker, G. and Stein, D. (2008). The Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology Of Lipoid Proteinosis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 20(1), pp.86-92.

In this video I talk generally about the liver-derived plasma proteins and the importance of regulating these proteins.

I use complement as an example of where regulation is vital to homeostasis and elucidate three clinical conditions where loss of regulation lead to common pathologic features

In this video I seek to explain how the poor prognostic factors of neuroblastoma help to reinforce what the basic hallmarks of cancer are, on a molecular level. For our discussion, these include pro-proliferative signalling, loss of tumour suppressive signalling, telomerase activity and loss of differentiation potential.

The prognostic factors I explain include nMYC amplification, chromosomal deletions/gains, telomerase activity, TrkA and TrkB expression and age of onset.

In this video, I explain the basic scientific principles that link all the terms in the title of this video, namely oxygen, free radicals, Von Hippel Lindau, radiotherapy and ischaemia-reperfusion injury