In episode 42 we see the political history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 920s with the struggles between Christians and Muslims in the north, the end of the fitna of the Emirate and the proclamation of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and the Andalusi advances in the proxy war of the Maghreb between Umayyads and Fatimids.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:25 The Partition of the Banu Qasi Domains 06:24 Power Struggles in León, 924–932 10:00 The Legacy of Sancho I of Pamplona 12:46 The End of the Hafsunid Rebellion 16:01 Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba Proclaims Himself Caliph 21:33 The End of the Fitna: The Submission of Mérida, Badajoz, and Toledo 24:49 The Battle for the Maghreb: The Andalusi Conquest of Ceuta and Melilla 27:45 The Verdict: What Truly Concerned the Umayyads? 28:48 Outro

Emir Abd al-Rahman III inherited a fragmented kingdom plagued by rebels and in just five years he had already reimposed Umayyad authority over most core provinces of the Emirate of Córdoba. How was this possible? I explain how he ended the fitna, the rise of the Fatimid Caliphate in the Maghreb, and the unpunished offensives of the sons of Alfonso III of Asturias in this episode on the political history of Iberia in the 910s.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:24 The Accession of Abd al-Rahman III 02:41 Who Was Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba? 05:42 How Was It Possible to End the Fitna of the Emirate? 11:02 The First Reconquest Campaigns of Abd al-Rahman III 16:44 Danger in the Maghreb: The Founding of the Fatimid Caliphate 23:13 The Last Years of Umar ibn Hafsun 26:29 The Reign of the Sons of Alfonso III of Asturias 32:19 The Verdict: Separating the Political Figure from the Personal One 33:16 Outro

In episode 39, I explain the origins of Catalonia, the end of the Carolingian Empire, and the independence of the counties of the Spanish March. We explore figures such as Count Ramon of Ribagorza and Pallars, Sunyer II of Empúries, and Delà of Girona, and Wifred the Hairy himself, a much-mythologized figure. Here, I attempt to separate fact from fiction. I discuss the succession of Wifred the Hairy without the intervention of the Frankish king.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:31 When Was Catalonia Born? 04:07 The End of the Carolingian Empire 08:45 The Last Appointed Counts of the Spanish March 11:40 The lesser-known counts: Delà of Girona and Sunyer II of Empúries 14:42 The Independence of the Counties of Ribagorza and Pallars 17:29 The Ecclesiastical Conflict of Esclua 20:27 Wifred the Hairy: Between Myth and History 25:32 The Deeds of Wifred the Hairy's Rule 29:54 The Hereditary Succession of Wifred the Hairy 34:19 The Verdict: The Gray Scale of Independence and Sovereignty 35:56 Outro

The Kingdom of Asturias greatly expanded its borders under King Alfonso III of Asturias (866-910), nicknamed the Great. Episode 38 covers most aspects of his reign and the final years of his father, Ordoño, including the origins of Castile and Portugal as counties, the society of comital Castile, and the tragic story of the end of Alfonso's reign with the revolt of his sons and the division of the Kingdom of Asturias.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:22 The End of Musa ibn Musa 03:41 The Conditions of Asturian Expansion 06:17 The Birth of the County of Castile 12:24 Settlement and Power in Comital Castile 16:45 Alfonso the Great, King in Asturias 21:03 Expansion on the Western Flank: The Counties of Portugal and Coimbra 24:57 Ibn al-Qitt and the Day of Zamora 29:10 Revolts and Conspiracies. The Division of the Kingdom of Asturias 33:04 The Verdict: Alfonso the Not So Great 34:14 Outro

In episode 37, we explore the political history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 850s, with events such as a major rebellion in Toledo, the expansion of Asturias into León and Astorga under Ordoño I of Asturias, the founding of Madrid, and conflicts with the Banu Qasi and the Vikings. It was a period of significant political change that heralded the civil war that swept through the Emirate of Córdoba shortly afterward.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:27 The rise to the throne of Muhammad I of Córdoba 02:13 The Rebellion of Toledo and the Battle of Guadacelete 09:43 The Asturian Incorporation of León and Astorga 12:54 The Islamic Foundation of Madrid 16:04 Musa ibn Musa, Lord of the Upper March. The Battle of Albelda 22:16 The Vikings Return: The Expedition of 858–860 25:30 The Verdict: Making the Enemy Bigger Than He Really Was 26:27 Outro

In episode 36, we explore the political history of the Kingdom of Asturias under Kings Alfonso II, Nepotian, and Ramiro I. I also discuss the origins of the Jacobean cult and the emergence of Asturian pre-Romanesque art.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:22 Alfonso II of Asturias versus Abd al-Rahman II 06:05 The Origin of the Cult of Saint James 12:12 Ramiro versus Nepotian for the Asturian Throne 15:21 The Reign of Ramiro I of Asturias 18:25 Asturian Pre-Romanesque Art 26:35 The Verdict: The Power of a Lie 27:29 Outro

In episode 35, I talk about the voluntary martyrs of Córdoba, the Jewish convert Bodo, the Black musician Ziryab, the situation of the Abbasid Caliphate from its foundation to the year 861, and how Islamic justice worked.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:25 The Martyrs of Córdoba 08:35 Bodo, the Deacon who Became a Jew 11:25 Ziryab, the Influencer of Abd al-Rahman II's Court 18:01 The Abbasid Caliphate up to 861 25:03 Maliki Islamic Law and the Ulema 36:04 The Verdict: The Danger of Focusing on Exceptions 37:19 Outro

How did al-Andalus become a country of Arab culture and a Muslim majority? Was there good coexistence between the Muslims, Christians, and Jews of al-Andalus? What legal restrictions were imposed on Christians and Jews? In episode 34, an essential chapter on the history of al-Andalus and medieval Iberia, I answer these and more questions.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:26 Arabization in al-Andalus 05:59 Islamization in al-Andalus 14:01 The Legal Status of the Dhimmis 18:00 Conflict or Coexistence in al-Andalus? Interreligious Relations 29:04 The Verdict: Sexual Domination under Islamic Hegemony 30:45 Outro

In episode 33 you will learn the political history of Muslim Iberia under Emir Abd al-Rahman II, as well as the diplomacy, administration and taxation of Umayyad al-Andalus.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:32 Opposition to Emir Abd al-Rahman II 07:57 Territorial Reorganization and the Founding of Murcia 11:06 The Viking Attack of 844: The Sacking of Seville 19:49 Nasr, the Great Eunuch of Abd al-Rahman II 23:14 Diplomatic Relations of the Emirate of Córdoba 28:05 Taxation and Administration in Umayyad al-Andalus 42:44 The Verdict: Who Broke the Andalusi Social Contract? 44:00 Outro

In the first half of the 9th century, two power struggles unfolded side by side: the rise of the Kingdom of Pamplona and the slow unraveling of the Carolingian Empire under Louis the Pious. Why did the lords of Pamplona prefer paying tribute to Muslim Córdoba over submitting to the Franks? And how did the empire built by Charlemagne begin to fracture? In episode 32 I'll tell you a story of shifting loyalties in Vasconia and the Carolingian world.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:32 Vasconia at the Dawn of the Early Middle Ages 03:46 Íñigo Arista and the Founding of the Kingdom of Pamplona 13:34 Musa ibn Musa and the Rise of the Banu Qasi 20:59 The Carolingian Empire and the Spanish March under Louis the Pious 32:13 The Division of the Carolingian Empire 38:22 The Verdict: Blurred Religious Boundaries 40:01 Outro