How did al-Andalus become a country of Arab culture and a Muslim majority? Was there good coexistence between the Muslims, Christians, and Jews of al-Andalus? What legal restrictions were imposed on Christians and Jews? In episode 34, an essential chapter on the history of al-Andalus and medieval Iberia, I answer these and more questions.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:26 Arabization in al-Andalus 05:59 Islamization in al-Andalus 14:01 The Legal Status of the Dhimmis 18:00 Conflict or Coexistence in al-Andalus? Interreligious Relations 29:04 The Verdict: Sexual Domination under Islamic Hegemony 30:45 Outro

In episode 33 you will learn the political history of Muslim Iberia under Emir Abd al-Rahman II, as well as the diplomacy, administration and taxation of Umayyad al-Andalus.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:32 Opposition to Emir Abd al-Rahman II 07:57 Territorial Reorganization and the Founding of Murcia 11:06 The Viking Attack of 844: The Sacking of Seville 19:49 Nasr, the Great Eunuch of Abd al-Rahman II 23:14 Diplomatic Relations of the Emirate of Córdoba 28:05 Taxation and Administration in Umayyad al-Andalus 42:44 The Verdict: Who Broke the Andalusi Social Contract? 44:00 Outro

In the first half of the 9th century, two power struggles unfolded side by side: the rise of the Kingdom of Pamplona and the slow unraveling of the Carolingian Empire under Louis the Pious. Why did the lords of Pamplona prefer paying tribute to Muslim Córdoba over submitting to the Franks? And how did the empire built by Charlemagne begin to fracture? In episode 32 I’ll tell you a story of shifting loyalties in Vasconia and the Carolingian world.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:32 Vasconia at the Dawn of the Early Middle Ages 03:46 Íñigo Arista and the Founding of the Kingdom of Pamplona 13:34 Musa ibn Musa and the Rise of the Banu Qasi 20:59 The Carolingian Empire and the Spanish March under Louis the Pious 32:13 The Division of the Carolingian Empire 38:22 The Verdict: Blurred Religious Boundaries 40:01 Outro

In episode 31, I explore the turbulent reigns of Hisham and al-Hakam I of Córdoba—two emirs who faced family conspiracies and uprisings that threatened the very survival of an independent Umayyad Emirate in al-Andalus. Moreover, we explore the early reign of Alfonso II of Asturias and how the Revolt of Saqunda unfolded.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:24 Hisham I of Córdoba, the Emir of Jihad 08:13 Alfonso II of Asturias, the King in the North 14:10 Al-Hakam I, A Ruthless Emir 23:17 The Revolt of the Suburb of Saqunda 33:43 The Verdict: Problems of Authority 36:13 Outro

In episode 30 I explain the Frankish conquest of Barcelona and attempts to expand into Navarre, Aragon and Tortosa, as well as discussing the society, culture and economy of the Carolingian Empire.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:18 The Carolingian Conquest of Barcelona 04:39 The Formation of the Spanish March 09:07 Charlemagne: Emperor and Champion of Christendom 11:45 Carolingian Society and... Feudalism? 23:13 The Nature of Carolingian Power 28:30 Environmental History and the Carolingian Economy 38:52 The Carolingian Renaissance 43:39 The Verdict: Carolingian Slavery 45:25 Outro

In episode 29 I uncover the battles and conquests of the Franks prior to the conquest of Barcelona, the role Muslims and Hispano-Goths played in the expansion of the Carolingian Empire, and how the Franks suppressed the Adoptionist Heresy.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:30 Islamic Catalonia 05:59 The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty 10:03 Charlemagne in Spain: The Battle of Roncevaux Pass 17:52 The Upper March, Between the Carolingians and the Umayyads 25:07 Frankish Annexation of Girona and the Catalan and Aragonese Pyrenees 32:47 The Adoptionist Controversy 37:26 The Verdict: Airbrushing the Origins 38:49 Outro

In episode 28, I explain the history of the stateless peoples of the Douro Basin and the political history of the Kingdom of Asturias from Alfonso I to Vermudo the Deacon, covering the years 739 to 791.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:25 Stateless Societies: The Douro Basin 06:10 Light and Darkness: Alfonso I of Asturias and His Son Fruela 21:12 The Obscure Reigns of Aurelius and Silo 24:56 Storm Winds: Mauregatus and Vermudo the Deacon 28:02 Beatus of Liébana, the Intellectual of the Kingdom of Asturias 33:25 The Verdict: Giving a Voice to the Silenced 35:05 Outro

In episode 27 I tell the story of how a refugee became the ruler of al-Andalus. The man was Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Emirate of Córdoba from the Umayyad dynasty that was overthrown in the Middle East.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:32 The Epic of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya 06:07 The Foundation of the Emirate of Córdoba 12:41 Al-Andalus, a Rebellious Land 26:09 Foreign Policy of Abd al-Rahman I 30:45 Domestic Policy of Abd al-Rahman I 34:28 The Umayyad Family in Al-Andalus 37:41 The Construction of the Great Mosque of Córdoba 43:53 The Verdict: Abd al-Rahman I’s Political Genius 45:44 Outro

In episode 26 I explain how and why the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus fell, how that affected al-Andalus, and the establishment of the little-known Fihrid Emirate that preceded the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:23 Why Did the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus Fall? 06:23 The Outbreak of the Third Fitna 10:08 The Abbasid Revolution 17:37 The Qays-Yaman Civil War in al-Andalus 23:07 The Fihrid Emirate 26:51 The Verdict: The Fihrid Alternative 28:17 Outro

In episode 25 of the chronological series we’ll separate fact from fiction and uncover the real story behind the origins of the Kingdom of Asturias under the magnate Pelagius, who revolted against Muslim Umayyad rule in the Battle of Covadonga.

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Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana 

TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:29 Asturias and Cantabria in the Year 700 05:59 The Revolt of Pelagius 13:48 The Battle of Covadonga. Myth and Reality 21:51 Pelagius, the Sovereign of Asturias 27:54 The Verdict: Drawing comparisons between Pelagius’ revolt and the American War of Independence 28:59 Outro