In episode 28, I explain the history of the stateless peoples of the Douro Basin and the political history of the Kingdom of Asturias from Alfonso I to Vermudo the Deacon, covering the years 739 to 791.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:25 Stateless Societies: The Douro Basin 06:10 Light and Darkness: Alfonso I of Asturias and His Son Fruela 21:12 The Obscure Reigns of Aurelius and Silo 24:56 Storm Winds: Mauregatus and Vermudo the Deacon 28:02 Beatus of Liébana, the Intellectual of the Kingdom of Asturias 33:25 The Verdict: Giving a Voice to the Silenced 35:05 Outro

In episode 27 I tell the story of how a refugee became the ruler of al-Andalus. The man was Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Emirate of Córdoba from the Umayyad dynasty that was overthrown in the Middle East.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:32 The Epic of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya 06:07 The Foundation of the Emirate of Córdoba 12:41 Al-Andalus, a Rebellious Land 26:09 Foreign Policy of Abd al-Rahman I 30:45 Domestic Policy of Abd al-Rahman I 34:28 The Umayyad Family in Al-Andalus 37:41 The Construction of the Great Mosque of Córdoba 43:53 The Verdict: Abd al-Rahman I's Political Genius 45:44 Outro

In episode 26 I explain how and why the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus fell, how that affected al-Andalus, and the establishment of the little-known Fihrid Emirate that preceded the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:23 Why Did the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus Fall? 06:23 The Outbreak of the Third Fitna 10:08 The Abbasid Revolution 17:37 The Qays-Yaman Civil War in al-Andalus 23:07 The Fihrid Emirate 26:51 The Verdict: The Fihrid Alternative 28:17 Outro

In episode 25 of the chronological series we'll separate fact from fiction and uncover the real story behind the origins of the Kingdom of Asturias under the magnate Pelagius, who revolted against Muslim Umayyad rule in the Battle of Covadonga.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:29 Asturias and Cantabria in the Year 700 05:59 The Revolt of Pelagius 13:48 The Battle of Covadonga. Myth and Reality 21:51 Pelagius, the Sovereign of Asturias 27:54 The Verdict: Drawing comparisons between Pelagius' revolt and the American War of Independence 28:59 Outro

Many people still believe that the Reconquista was an 800-year war to reconquer Spain from the Muslims, but that view is wrong and outdated. In episode 24 I explain what the Reconquista is and how the discourses of reconquests have evolved over time and across different regions of the Iberian Peninsula.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:34 What is the Reconquista? 10:02 The Loss and Restoration of Spania in the 8th and 9th Centuries 15:25 The Reconquista in the 19th and 20th Centuries 21:24 The Other Reconquistas 29:22 The Islamic Response: The Reconquest of the Reconquista 32:06 The Verdict: The Reconquista—A Necessary Myth? 34:08 Outro

In episode 23 you will learn about the political history of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and al-Andalus between 720 and 742, covering events like the Battle of Tours, the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate's crisis with the Great Berber Revolt, and details about how many Arabs and Berbers settled in the Iberian Peninsula.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:28 Important concepts of al-Andalus 05:47 The Governorate of al-Andalus in the 720s 08:31 Al-Gafiqi and the Battle of Tours 13:43 The Umayyad Caliphate of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 18:36 The Great Berber Revolt and the Arrival of the Syrians 24:15 The Arab and Berber Colonization of al-Andalus 28:22 The Verdict: Muslim Spain 30:13 Outro

How did the Visigothic Kingdom collapse after one decisive battle? Were the Muslims actually planning to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in 711? What do we truly know about the Muslim conquest, and how has it been interpreted? In episode 22 we take an in-depth look at how the Arab and Berber conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania happened.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook

00:27 Interpretations of the Muslim Conquest

06:42 Sources for Studying the Muslim Conquest

09:04 Context to the Islamic Conquest

14:42 Count Julian and the Surrender of Ceuta

18:43 The Prelude: The Raid of Tarif ibn Malik

20:53 Roderic and Tariq ibn Ziyad: The Battle of Guadalete

29:57 The Fall of Toledo and the Collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom

35:05 The Arrival of the Arabs under Musa ibn Nusayr

40:23 The Pact of Tudmir

43:57 The Muslim Conquest of the North

48:06 The Conquerors Are Held Accountable

50:45 Abd al-Aziz and the Challenges of Rule

53:07 The Governor al-Hurr and the Establishment of Córdoba as the Capital

56:32 Septimania, the Last Visigothic Stronghold

01:00:14 The Verdict: Were the Goths Traitors?

01:02:21 Outro

How did a group of desert tribes, divided for centuries, manage to build one of the largest empires in history in just a few decades? What were the origins of Islam? And what made the Arab conquests so transformative? In episode 21, I give an overview of the first century of Islamic history, leading up to the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:30 The Beginning of the Middle Ages 04:19 Pre-Islamic Arabia 11:01 Muhammad, the Last Prophet 13:53 What is Islam? 18:12 The Hijrah and the Constitution of Medina 21:32 Toward the Unification of the Arabs 25:03 The Rashidun Caliphate and the Great Arab Conquests 34:16 The First Fitna in Islam 37:45 The Establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus 42:33 The Arab Conquest of the Maghreb 46:01 The Verdict: Barbarian Conquerors vs. Arabs 47:48 Outro

In episode 20 I cover the reigns of the last Visigothic kings leading up to Roderic, from Wamba to Witiza, and we explore whether the fall of the Visigothic Kingdom was truly a foretold demise.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:26 Visigothic Decline? 04:44 The Election of Wamba 06:00 The Rebellion of Paulus 11:31 The Reign of Wamba 14:39 The Reign of Erwig 16:48 The Extreme Anti-Judaism of Erwig and Egica 22:14 The Turbulent Reign of Egica 26:15 Witiza: A Good or Bad King? 30:25 The Verdict: Historical Determinism 31:59 Outro

In episode 19 we dive into the reigns of Chindasuinth and Recceswinth, exploring ruthless purges, new laws, and the delicate balance of power between aristocratic factions in the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:35 Chindasuinth's Coup d'État 02:42 The Authoritarian Reign of Chindasuinth 09:12 The Liber Iudiciorum of Chindasuinth and Recceswinth 12:57 The Reign of Recceswinth 17:17 The Visigothic Military 24:05 The Verdict: The MoNo Model of Strong and Weak Kings 25:56 Outro