In episode 37, we explore the political history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 850s, with events such as a major rebellion in Toledo, the expansion of Asturias into León and Astorga under Ordoño I of Asturias, the founding of Madrid, and conflicts with the Banu Qasi and the Vikings. It was a period of significant political change that heralded the civil war that swept through the Emirate of Córdoba shortly afterward.

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TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Hook 00:27 The rise to the throne of Muhammad I of Córdoba 02:13 The Rebellion of Toledo and the Battle of Guadacelete 09:43 The Asturian Incorporation of León and Astorga 12:54 The Islamic Foundation of Madrid 16:04 Musa ibn Musa, Lord of the Upper March. The Battle of Albelda 22:16 The Vikings Return: The Expedition of 858–860 25:30 The Verdict: Making the Enemy Bigger Than He Really Was 26:27 Outro