Kyoto, Japan – In February 2023, Ayumu, a 26-year-old male chimpanzee at Kyoto University’s Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior (EHUB), amazed researchers with a unique musical performance. He removed floorboards from a walkway and drummed on them while producing structured vocal sounds, creating a combination never seen before.
While chimpanzees are known for drumming, Ayumu’s integration of tool-based percussion with vocalizations was entirely novel, showing multiple rhythmic components at once.
From February 2023 to March 2025, researchers recorded 89 of Ayumu’s spontaneous performances, documenting his use of tools to produce music. “It was fascinating for me to see how the chimpanzee used tools to produce various sounds while also expressing a vocal display,” said first author Yuko Hattori.
The team analyzed the sequences of striking, dragging, and throwing, finding deliberate, isochronous rhythms. Drumming with tools produced more stable timing than hand or foot drumming alone. Positive facial expressions, like the play face, suggested that emotions previously expressed vocally were being externalized through instruments.
Ayumu’s performances provide insight into the evolution of musicality, demonstrating that non-human primates can combine tool use with vocal-like expression. Researchers now aim to study how other chimpanzees respond and how these displays affect group dynamics.