This episode traces the lives of humans during the last glacial period of the Ice Ages, particularly in the regions where polar conditions were most prevalent. In Europe, we trace the lineages of forager peoples from the Aurignacians to the Magdalenians and learn about their toolkits, hunting strategies, and artworks, including the spectacular cave paintings. In Siberia, we examine several different cultures that adapted to the expansive steppes. In North America, we look at the Clovis culture and come to understand how the first Americans lived in their world. History is covered from 39,000 to 12,500 years ago.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/184021186461/episode-10-life-during-the-ice-ages

Links and References Mentioned: 

Chauvet Cave re-dating: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670

Leroy McDermontt Venus figurines: https://steemit.com/science/@deeallen/self-portraits-of-fertility-symbols-venus-figurines-of-upper-paleolithic-eurasia-nudity

Missing Fingers on Hand Stencils: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41982-018-0016-8

Lascaux star map?: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm

Siberian archaeological record: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388

Gomphothere hunt: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121807/

This episode traces the lives of humans during the last glacial period of the Ice Ages, particularly in the regions where polar conditions were most prevalent. In Europe, we trace the lineages of forager peoples from the Aurignacians to the Magdalenians and learn about their toolkits, hunting strategies, and artworks, including the spectacular cave paintings. In Siberia, we examine several different cultures that adapted to the expansive steppes. In North America, we look at the Clovis culture and come to understand how the first Americans lived in their world. History is covered from 39,000 to 12,500 years ago.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/184021186461/episode-10-life-during-the-ice-ages

Links and References Mentioned: 

Chauvet Cave re-dating: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670

Leroy McDermontt Venus figurines: https://steemit.com/science/@deeallen/self-portraits-of-fertility-symbols-venus-figurines-of-upper-paleolithic-eurasia-nudity

Missing Fingers on Hand Stencils: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41982-018-0016-8

Lascaux star map?: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm

Siberian archaeological record: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388

Gomphothere hunt: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121807/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiens

Links and Referenced Mentioned:

Inspiration for the dissection of
‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/

Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books
(2002)

African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=author

Borrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, Clive
Finlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)

Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_Behaviour

Deep Ancestral Ties to Living
Africans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9
& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3Dihub

Oldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_Cave

Access of Southwest Asia from
Africa via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_ago

Return movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago

1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes are
Neanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/

Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494

Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/

& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-x

Toba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, Donald
Prothero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & The
Great Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)

Possible climate-driver for Humans
leaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migration

Lice study and the Origin of
Clothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?

Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/

Alexander Harcourt coastal
migration reference: Humankind,
Pegasus Books (2015)

Genetic evidence for peopling of
Southeast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.long

Peopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299

& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416

Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:
https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.full

Mating between Denisovans and
Ancestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdf

Peopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/

& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3

Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388

Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473

& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?

Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,
Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); Mapping
Human History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

Development of Phenotypic Traits: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/eaan8433 &https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2813%2900067-6

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiens

Links and Referenced Mentioned:

Inspiration for the dissection of
‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/

Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books
(2002)

African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=author

Borrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, Clive
Finlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)

Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_Behaviour

Deep Ancestral Ties to Living
Africans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9
& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3Dihub

Oldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_Cave

Access of Southwest Asia from
Africa via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_ago

Return movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago

1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes are
Neanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/

Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494

Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/

& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-x

Toba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, Donald
Prothero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & The
Great Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)

Possible climate-driver for Humans
leaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migration

Lice study and the Origin of
Clothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?

Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/

Alexander Harcourt coastal
migration reference: Humankind,
Pegasus Books (2015)

Genetic evidence for peopling of
Southeast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.long

Peopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299

& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416

Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:
https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.full

Mating between Denisovans and
Ancestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdf

Peopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/

& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3

Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388

Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473

& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?

Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,
Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); Mapping
Human History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiens

Links and Referenced Mentioned:

Inspiration for the dissection of
‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/

Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books
(2002)

African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=author

Borrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, Clive
Finlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)

Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_Behaviour

Deep Ancestral Ties to Living
Africans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9
& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3Dihub

Oldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_Cave

Access of Southwest Asia from
Africa via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_ago

Return movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago

1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes are
Neanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/

Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494

Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/

& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-x

Toba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, Donald
Prothero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & The
Great Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)

Possible climate-driver for Humans
leaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migration

Lice study and the Origin of
Clothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?

Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/

Alexander Harcourt coastal
migration reference: Humankind,
Pegasus Books (2015)

Genetic evidence for peopling of
Southeast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.long

Peopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299

& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416

Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:
https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.full

Mating between Denisovans and
Ancestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdf

Peopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/

& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3

Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388

Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473

& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?

Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,
Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); Mapping
Human History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiens

Links and Referenced Mentioned:

Inspiration for the dissection of

Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books

African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=author

Borrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, Clive

Generalist Specialists: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_Behaviour

Deep Ancestral Ties to Living

Oldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_Cave

Access of Southwest Asia from

Return movements into Africa: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago

1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes are

Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494

Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/

Toba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, Donald

Possible climate-driver for Humans

Lice study and the Origin of

Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/

Alexander Harcourt coastal

Genetic evidence for peopling of

Peopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 & https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299

Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:

Mating between Denisovans and

Peopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/

Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388

Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473

Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,

Development of Phenotypic Traits: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/eaan8433 & https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2813%2900067-6

A continuation of the story of human evolution, examining some of the later species of Homo that coexisted throughout the ice ages. We look at the later developments of Homo erectus in Asia and meet Homo naledi. Then we focus on the Neanderthals and what we know about their lives, ending with a brief look at several mystery humans like the Denisovans.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183516695796/episode-8-lost-peoples

Links and References Mentioned:

Acheulean Artwork: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-think-neandertal/201504/the-handaxe-enigma

Trinil Shell: http://johnhawks.net/weblog/archaeology/lower/trinil-shell-engraving-2014.html

German Bison Hunt: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298971814_The_oldest_hominin_butchery_in_European_mid-latitudes_at_the_Jaramillo_site_of_Untermassfeld_Thuringia_Germany

Invalidity of ‘Homo heidelbergensis’: https://nutcrackerman.com/2016/11/09/a-moment-of-silence-for-the-death-of-homo-heidelbergensis/

“European phenomenon” by Richard
Klein: from the chapter “Hominin Dispersals in the Old World” from The Human Past, Thames & Hudson
(2018)

Chinese & Korean neanderthals?:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724840800050X

& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248499903901

Neanderthal Skin, Hair, & Eye
color: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/03/were-some-neandertals-brown-eyed-girls

Neanderthal Spear-throwing: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/neanderthal-spears-threw-pretty-well/581218/

Neanderthal Boats?: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/neandertals-stone-age-people-may-have-voyaged-mediterranean

Possible Artwork by Neanderthals: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8

Candace Alcorta & Richard
Sosis, religions: https://richard-sosis.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2243/2018/08/2005-Sosis-Special-Issue-on-Religion.pdf

Denisovan Skull piece: https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/denisovan-skull-found/

A continuation of the story of human evolution, examining some of the later species of Homo that coexisted throughout the ice ages. We look at the later developments of Homo erectus in Asia and meet Homo naledi. Then we focus on the Neanderthals and what we know about their lives, ending with a brief look at several mystery humans like the Denisovans.

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183516695796/episode-8-lost-peoples

Links and References Mentioned:

Acheulean Artwork: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-think-neandertal/201504/the-handaxe-enigma

Trinil Shell: http://johnhawks.net/weblog/archaeology/lower/trinil-shell-engraving-2014.html

German Bison Hunt: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298971814_The_oldest_hominin_butchery_in_European_mid-latitudes_at_the_Jaramillo_site_of_Untermassfeld_Thuringia_Germany

Invalidity of ‘Homo heidelbergensis’: https://nutcrackerman.com/2016/11/09/a-moment-of-silence-for-the-death-of-homo-heidelbergensis/

“European phenomenon” by Richard

Chinese & Korean neanderthals?:

Neanderthal Skin, Hair, & Eye

Neanderthal Spear-throwing: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/neanderthal-spears-threw-pretty-well/581218/

Neanderthal Boats?: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/neandertals-stone-age-people-may-have-voyaged-mediterranean

Possible Artwork by Neanderthals: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8

Candace Alcorta & Richard

Denisovan Skull piece: https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/denisovan-skull-found/

Possible Chinese Denisovans: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/ancient-skulls-may-belong-elusive-humans-called-denisovans

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. 

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rank

Links and References Mentioned:

Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0

Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full

"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdf

The Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44

Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipeds

Proposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943

Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902

Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/

The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/

The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. 

Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rank

Links and References Mentioned:

Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0

Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full

"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdf

The Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44

Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipeds

Proposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943

Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902

Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/

The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/

The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed