On This Day in Working Class History

On this day, 8 May 1978, education workers in Peru launched their first "great strike" against the military dictatorship of Francisco Morales-Bermúdez. Workers in the education union SUTEP organised struggle committees around the country to coordinate the dispute. 
Despite repression from the military, with support from mothers, fathers and students, the workers held out for 81 days. 
They returned to work after winning numerous concessions including a pay increase, 20,000 additional teachers, reinstatement of dismissed workers, bonuses for class preparation and marking, and the reopening of the Enrique Guzmán y Valle teacher training university.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/10842/Great-education-strike

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On this day, 7 May 1912, the first general strike for waiters and hotel workers in New York City began when 150 workers at the Belmont Hotel walked out on strike. Organised by the Industrial Workers of the World union, at its peak over 6,000 workers were out, demanding one day off per week, higher wages and no discrimination against union members. The employers tried to stoke racial hatred by hiring African-American strikebreakers, so the workers allied with the Coloured Waiters' Association and called on Black workers to join the strike. Various individual hotels agreed to some of the strikers' demands. Combined with police violence, media harassment, and an increasing number of scabs who included local college students, the strike ended by late June, and some key organisers were blacklisted. However hotel workers continued to strike in the coming years, and today hotel workers in New York City remain among the best paid in the world. This is our podcast episode about the IWW at that time: https://workingclasshistory.com/2018/05/23/wch-e6-the-industrial-workers-of-the-world-in-the-us-1905-1918/

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On this day, 6 May 1937, 400 Black women tobacco stemmers went on strike at the IN Vaughan Company in Richmond, Virginia amidst a wave of unrest in the industry. With assistance from the Southern Negro Youth Congress the women walked out fighting for better pay and conditions, and were joined on picket lines by white women textile workers. After 48 hours, they won better pay, a maximum 8-hour day, 5 day week and union recognition.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/10649/in-vaughan-strike

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On this day, 5 May 1886, the Bay View Massacre took place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
14,000 labourers at Milwaukee's largest employer, Bay View Rolling Mills, were striking to replace the ten-hour shift with an eight-hour workday for the same rate of pay. The Wisconsin State Militia, which was dispatched by Governor Jeremiah Rusk, opened fire on the strikers. The aftermath resulted in sixty wounded, and seven unarmed workers dead.
Among those who died are Frank Kunkel, Frank Nowarczyk, John Marsh, Robert Erdman, Johann Zazka, Martin Jankowiak, Michael Ruchalski, and a 13 year old boy.
Learn more about the strike for the eight hour day and May Day which commemorates it in our podcast episode 85, available for our patreon supporters: https://www.patreon.com/posts/e85-may-day-with-103374699
More info and sources: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/11384/Bay-View-massacre

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On this day, 4 May 1970, the Kent State massacre took place when the Ohio National Guard fired 67 rounds into a crowd of students protesting against the bombing of Cambodia during the Vietnam war, killing four and wounding nine others, including bystanders and one person who was permanently paralysed.
Student John Cleary was there, and recalled how he tried to take a photograph of the soldiers:
“As they got near the top of the hill, I wanted to get one last picture of them before they went over the crest of the hill. So I was kind of getting my camera, I was winding it, getting ready to take another shot and suddenly, they just turned and fired. It was like this volley of gunshots.
“And then I got hit in the chest. I guess the best way I can describe it is like getting hit in the chest with a sledgehammer. It just really knocked me down. I don't remember too much after that. I don't remember the ambulance ride.”
Cleary survived, but four people were killed: Sandra Lee Scheuer, aged 20, Allison B. Krause, 19, Jeffrey Glenn Miller, 20, and William Knox Schroeder, 19.
The repression galvanised anti-war sentiment, with students in New York hanging banners stating "You Can't Kill Us All" and in the next few days millions took to the streets in protest.
In the wake of the massacre, rather than charge any of the killers, 25 students were indicted. But charges were dropped by the following year.
Learn more about the movement against the Vietnam war in our podcast episodes 43-46. Listen wherever you get your podcasts or here on our website: https://workingclasshistory.com/2020/09/23/e43-46-the-movement-against-the-vietnam-war-in-the-us/


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On this day, 3 May 1926, police in New York City arrested 46 striking furriers, fighting for an 8-hour day. 31 of them were arrested in the fur district at the junction of 7th Avenue and 30th St for "refusing to move on when ordered to do so." Meanwhile, elsewhere in the city, 1,500 delegates of the 12,000 strikers agreed to insist that the employers had to accept the workers' demand of a 40-hour week before continuing negotiations.

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On this day, 2 May 2022 approximately 2000 striking garment and textile workers gathered in the Nhlangano manufacturing hub in Eswatini for a mass meeting. Some had walked more than 8 km to get there.
The strike of around 8000 workers in total had begun five weeks prior, demanding a living wage of at least E15 per hour or E2983 (US$183) per month.
Representatives of the striking union, the Amalgamated Trade Union of Swaziland, complained that police and government troops had been harassing strikers, visiting their homes, tear gassing them and threatening them with eviction if they did not go back to work.
Around 30 workers at the meeting got up to speak in favour of continuing the strike, and despite the repression, the strikers resolved to continue their work stoppage. On May 9, strikers agreed to return to work pending further negotiations with employers. Upon their return to work, the employers attempted to force workers to sign documents stating the reason for the absence, which most workers refused to sign. The result of the dispute is unclear.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/11054/eswatini-textile-strike

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Today, May 1, is International Workers' Day! It commemorates the sentencing to death of seven anarchist workers in Chicago who were wrongly convicted for throwing a bomb at police who attacked a strike demonstration in May 1886. 
80,000 workers in Chicago had walked out on May 1 demanding a maximum 8-hour working day, alongside over 200,000 other workers across the US. Employers and the government were determined to crush the movement, and four of the anarchists were executed, with the fifth cheating the hangman by killing himself. An eighth was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. The surviving three were later pardoned, and the fight for the 8-hour day continued. 
Before his execution, defendant August Spies told the court: "if you think that by hanging us you can stamp out the labour movement – the movement from which the downtrodden millions, the millions who toil and live in want and misery, the wage slaves, expect salvation – if this is your opinion, then hang us! Here you will tread upon a spark, but here, and there, and behind you, and in front of you, and everywhere, flames will blaze up. It is a subterranean fire. You cannot put it out."
Socialist and workers' organisations later chose May 1 to be celebrated as International Workers' Day, and today it is celebrated as a national holiday in many countries around the world, and an unofficial one in many others. 
Learn more about the history of May Day in this podcast episode featuring us make by Upstream, available for our supporters on Patreon. Join us and listen today at https://www.patreon.com/posts/e85-may-day-with-103374699

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On this day, 30 April 2022 food delivery couriers working for the Deliveroo app in Dubai went on strike, shutting down the app, and defying a ban on strikes in the United Arab Emirates.
The drivers were facing a pay cut from $2.79 per delivery down to $2.38. The UK-based firm, backed by tech giant Amazon, also intended to increase the length of the working day up to 14 hours per day.
The workers, all of whom were migrants from South Asia, remained on strike until May 2 when the company agreed to abandon both proposed changes.
The following week, riders for delivery service Talabat also walked out demanding a pay increase.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/7946/dubai-deliveroo-strike



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On this day, 29 April 1982, 300 mainly South Asian women machinists were on strike in protest at the sacking of two male union activists and over low wages at the Supreme Quilting clothing factory in Smethwick, West Midlands. After a prolonged dispute, during which they also picketed the plant of a sister company, Raindi Textiles, 24-hours a day, they went back to work after achieving promises of union recognition, although the two men remained sacked.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/10071/supreme-quilting-strike

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