One-Time Pod

By Derek BruffScience Education History Natural Sciences

One-Time Pod episodes

December 01, 2017 Episode 11 - Knitting Codes
by Sandra Shaw
Sources
Borse, Govinda, Vijay Anand, and Kailash Patel. (2013, Oct). Steganography: Exploring an
ancient art of Hiding Information from Past to the Future. Retrieved from
www.ijeit.com/Vol%203/Issue%204/…T1412201310_33.pdf.
Fortini, M. (n. d.). A brief history of steganography. Retrieved from
www.lia.deis.unibo.it/Courses/RetiDi…i/history.html.
Krystek, L. (2010). The Lines of Nazca Peru. Retrieved from www.unmuseum.org/mob/nazca.htm.
Mendick, R. (2014, Nov 22). Wartime spy finally accepts she is a French heroine. Retrieved from
www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-w…ch-heroine.html.
Oldfield, Molly and John Mitchinson. (2014, Feb 18). How knitting was used as code in WW2.
Retrieved from www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/…ode-in-WW2.html.
Sipher, Alan, Roger Farley, and Craig Lombardo. (2005, May 6). The Rise of Steganography.
Retrieved from csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2005/d1.pdf.
Templer, K. (2012, Jan 13). Knitting in code. Retrieved from
fringeassociation.com/2012/01/13/mor…tting-pattern/.
Zarrelli, N. (2017, Jun 1). The Wartime Spies Who Used Knitting as an Espionage Tool.
www.atlasobscura.com/articles/knitt…spies-wwi-wwii.
Music sources
All music was obtained from MusOpen (musopen.org/), a non-profit domain that provides sheet music and performances under Creative Commons.
“Chopin’s Op. 20 Scherzo No. 1 in Be Minor” by Alice Hwang musopen.org/music/2849/frederic…1-in-b-minor-op-20/
Camille Saint-Saens Danse Macabre by the University of Chicago Orchestra retrieved from musopen.org/music/2766/camille-…anse-macabre-op-40/
Chopin’s Ballade No. 1 in G Minor by Frank Levy retrieved from musopen.org/music/1953/frederic…ballade-no-1-op-23/
Chopin’s Op. 72 Nocturne in E Minor by Luke Faulkner retrieved from musopen.org/music/370/frederic-…-minor-op-posth-72/
Pablo de Sarasate Zigeunerweisen by Ivan Kivelidi retrieved from musopen.org/music/2676/pablo-de…en-op-20-piano-arr/
Image: www.loc.gov/item/fsa1998024221/PP/#
12 min
November 30, 2017 Something Out of Nothing
by Maria Sellers
Was Shakespeare really Shakespeare, or was there another author behind the plays? Many scholars have reason to believe that there was another writer who used the actor from Stratford as a pen name. Sir Francis Bacon is considered by some to be the most likely candidate for this mystery author, and a cipher that Bacon invented in his youth may be the key to proving it. Some claim that Bacon used his bi-literal cipher in the handwritten works of Shakespeare to secretly sign his name to his work. A few even believe that his cipher hides an entire hidden history. So, what were Shakespeare’s secrets? Listen to find out. Also, check out the links below for more information on Sir Francis Bacon and his ciphers.
Works Cited
Alexander Blu. "Mystical Background-Mysterious and Melodic Music." Rec. 7 Jan. 2015. Mystical Background-Mysterious and Melodic Music. N.d. Orange Free Sounds. Web.
"The Baconian Cipher." Milford Times 1 Dec. 1900: n. pag. Web.
"Ciphers of Francis Bacon." The Francis Bacon Research Trust Gateways to Wisdom. Francis Bacon Research Trust, n.d. Web.
Davis, Kristin. "Shakespeare's Secrets: A Hidden Cipher in Literature's Greatest Works?" Cryptography. Wordpress, n.d. Web.
Donnelly, Ignatius. The Great Cryptogram: Francis Bacon's Cipher in the So-called Shakespeare Plays. Vol. 2. 2 vols. N.p.: AMS, 1972. Print.
Gallup, Elizabeth Wells, and William Shakespeare. Concerning the Bi-literal Cypher of Francis Bacon Discovered in His Works by Elizabeth W. Gallup. Pros and Cons of the Controversy. Explanations, Reviews, Criticisms and Replies. N.p.: Detroit, Mich.; Gay & Bird: London, 1916. Print.
Holden, Joshua. "Cipher Challenge #3 from Joshua Holden: Binary Ciphers." Princeton University Press Blog. The Trustees of Princeton University, 23 Jan. 2017. Web.
Klein, Jürgen. "Francis Bacon." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, 29 Dec. 2003. Web.
Leary, Penn. "A Reply to "The Code That Failed"." Shakespeare Authorship. N.p., 20 July 1996. Web.
Leary, Penn. The Second Cryptographic Shakespeare: A Monograph Wherein the Poems and Plays Attributed to William Shakespeare Are Proven to Contain the Enciphered Name of the Concealed Author, Francis Bacon. 2nd ed. N.p.: Westchester House, 1990. Print.
Quinn, Ruth. "William F. Friedman -- Master Code-Breaker." US Army. US Army, 6 June 2014. Web.
Ross, Terry. "The Code That Failed." Shakespeare Authorship. N.p., n.d. Web.
"Shakespeare Authorship 101." Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship. Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship, n.d. Web.
http://derekbruff.org/blogs/fywscrypto/historical-crypto/shakespeares-secrets-a-hidden-cipher-in-literatures-greatest-works/
http://shakespeareauthorship.com/bacpl2.html
http://shakespeareauthorship.com/bacpenl.html
https://www.fbrt.org.uk/pages/essays/essay_ciphers.html
http://blog.press.princeton.edu/2017/01/23/cipher-challenge-3-from-joshua-holden-binary-ciphers/
https://shakespeareoxfordfellowship.org/discover-shakespeare/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon/
http://www.milfordhistory.org/PDF/The%20Baconian%20Cipher.pdf
https://www.army.mil/article/127519/william_f_friedman_master_code_breaker
14 min
November 30, 2017 In Plain Sight: Knitting Towards Victory
by Sandra Shaw
Sources
Borse, Govinda, Vijay Anand, and Kailash Patel. (2013, Oct). Steganography: Exploring an
ancient art of Hiding Information from Past to the Future. Retrieved from
http://www.ijeit.com/Vol%203/Issue%204/IJEIT1412201310_33.pdf.
Fortini, M. (n. d.). A brief history of steganography. Retrieved from
http://www.lia.deis.unibo.it/Courses/RetiDiCalcolatori/Progetti98/Fortini/history.html.
Krystek, L. (2010). The Lines of Nazca Peru. Retrieved from http://www.unmuseum.org/mob/nazca.htm.
Mendick, R. (2014, Nov 22). Wartime spy finally accepts she is a French heroine. Retrieved from
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11248032/Wartime-spy-finally-accepts-she-is-a-French-heroine.html.
Oldfield, Molly and John Mitchinson. (2014, Feb 18). How knitting was used as code in WW2.
Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/10638792/QI-how-knitting-was-used-as-code-in-WW2.html.
Sipher, Alan, Roger Farley, and Craig Lombardo. (2005, May 6). The Rise of Steganography.
Retrieved from http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2005/d1.pdf.
Templer, K. (2012, Jan 13). Knitting in code. Retrieved from
https://fringeassociation.com/2012/01/13/morse-code-cowl-free-knitting-pattern/.
Zarrelli, N. (2017, Jun 1). The Wartime Spies Who Used Knitting as an Espionage Tool.
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/knitting-spies-wwi-wwii.
Music sources
All music was obtained from MusOpen (https://musopen.org/), a non-profit domain that provides sheet music and performances under Creative Commons.
“Chopin's Op. 20 Scherzo No. 1 in Be Minor” by Alice Hwang https://musopen.org/music/2849/frederic-chopin/scherzo-no-1-in-b-minor-op-20/
Camille Saint-Saens Danse Macabre by the University of Chicago Orchestra retrieved from https://musopen.org/music/2766/camille-saint-saens/danse-macabre-op-40/
Chopin's Ballade No. 1 in G Minor by Frank Levy retrieved from https://musopen.org/music/1953/frederic-chopin/ballade-no-1-op-23/
Chopin's Op. 72 Nocturne in E Minor by Luke Faulkner retrieved from https://musopen.org/music/370/frederic-chopin/nocturne-in-e-minor-op-posth-72/
Pablo de Sarasate Zigeunerweisen by Ivan Kivelidi retrieved from https://musopen.org/music/2676/pablo-de-sarasate/zigeunerweisen-op-20-piano-arr/
Image: https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa1998024221/PP/#
12 min
November 30, 2017 The Playfair Cipher
by Alex Young
Learn about the history and usage of the Playfair cipher, a digraphic encryption method with a misleading name.
Sources
Baldwin, Erin. “Playfair Cipher” N.p., n.d Web. 30 Oct. 2017.
Kahn, David. Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson/Macmillan, 1967. Print.
Lyon, James. "Playfair Cipher." Practical Cryptography. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 .
"NOVA Online | Decoding Nazi Secrets | The Double Playfair Cipher." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 .
"NOVA Online | Decoding Nazi Secrets | The Playfair Cipher." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 .
Oster, Grant. “History of the Playfair Cipher.” Hankering for History, N.p., n.d Web. 30 Oct. 2017.
Singh, Simon. Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. New York: Anchor, 2000. Print
Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free-music/track/going-higher
Image: Screenshot from National Treasure 2
12 min
November 30, 2017 Cryptography, Philosophy, and Gibberish
by Romy Pein
This podcast discusses the philosophical nuances to the common practice of cryptography, or “code writing”. Using the book Finnegan’s Wake by James Joyce, I will examine the text as a form of ciphertext and discuss ways of “decoding” it, such as unscrambling anagrams and use of a bilateral cipher. My focus is on the article, “Joyce and Cryptology: Some Speculations” by Hugh B Staples. I will not only question the existence of cryptograms in the book, but the existence of the human need to define patters for everything in nature we encounter.
Sources
Staples, Hugh B. “Joyce and Cryptology: Some Speculations.” James Joyce Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 3, 1965, pp. 167–173.
A skeleton key to Finnegans wake, Campbell, Joseph, 1904-1987 New York, Harcourt, Brace and company, 1944
Knowles, S. D. G. "Finnegans Wake for Dummies." James Joyce Quarterly, vol. 46 no. 1, 2008, pp. 97-111. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353
Joyce, James (1939). Finnegans Wake. Faber and Faber, London.
OrangeFreeSounds
• Swan Lake Music. Composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
• Chopin Nocturne In C Sharp Minor. Composer Frederic Chopin.
• Erik Satie Gymnopedie 1.
Image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/dianasch/5141084187/
11 min
November 30, 2017 Purple: The Japanese Cipher Machine
by Rachael Osman
Tune in to the following Podcast on the Purple Machine, a not widely known coding machine used by the Japanese to hide covert messages. For keen insight about how the United States was able to turn around the war in the Pacific, missed clues regarding the Pearl Harbor attack, and background behind the Purple Machine, you won’t want to miss this podcast. The Purple Machine closely followed the design of the German coding machine, also known as Enigma. The Purple Machine was crucial to the Japanese in keeping messages secret from the Allies in World War II until the coding technique was compromised, and ultimately led to Japan’s demise.
Works Cited
Alberto-Perez. "How the U.S. Cracked Japan's 'Purple Encryption Machine' at the Dawn of World War II." Io9. Io9.gizmodo.com, 22 Mar. 2013. Web.
Balciunas, Marijus. "Japan's Purple Machine." (n.d.): n. pag. 18 Mar. 2004. Web.
Chen, C. Peter. "Hiroshi Oshima." WW2DB. N.p., n.d. Web.
Contributor, Quora. "How Did the U.S. Break Japanese Military Codes Before the Battle of Midway?" Slate Magazine. N.p., 20 Nov. 2013. Web.
Enigma T - Tirpitz. N.p., n.d. Web.
"Japanese Purple Cipher." Cipher Machines. N.p., n.d. Web.
Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. N.p.: Scribner, n.d. Print.
The music/ sound effects were from www.orangefreesounds.com/.
Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Type_97_cypher_machine.jpg
13 min
November 30, 2017 Unsolved Ciphers: The Story of the Zodiac Killer
by Jackson Kelley
Imagine a man who killed 37 people, and sent a letter to a newspaper revealing his name… yet the identity of this person still remains a complete mystery. On this episode of Serial Unsolved Ciphers we explore the mystery of the Zodiac Killer, a murderer who attacked during the 1960s in Northern California. We delve into the ciphers themselves, including how one of them was broken by two high school teachers. We, explore who the Zodiac Killer could be, why the second cipher is unsolved, and even talk about the popularity of Zodiac Killer in today’s society.
SOURCES
https://patch.com/california/fostercity/has-the-code-of-the-zodiac-killer-been-cracked
Used for more info into alleged solve of the Z340 cipher
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/which-letters-are-used-most
Frequency of letters in the alphabet
https://www.biography.com/people/zodiac-killer-236027
Biography on the killings of the Zodiac Killer
http://www.purple-planet.com/mysterious-backgrounds/4588158576
Background Audio and Music came from this site
http://www.elonka.com/UnsolvedCodes.html
Helpful in looking up unsolved codes
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer_letters#July_31st_1969
The full list of all the letters that the Zodiac Killer sent
http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2013/02/the-zodiac-killer-ciphers.html
Essay written by former Vanderbilt student which was incredibly helpful in learning how the cipher was broken
http://zodiackillerfacts.com/main/the-340-cipher-dead-ends/
Helpful for learning about the methods people tried to solve the other cipher
http://zodiackillerciphers.com/wiki/index.php?title=FBI_analysis_from_Dan_Olson
FBI Analysis of alleged solved cipher
http://zodiackillerfacts.com/main/the-starliper-solution/
Invalid Solution
http://www.oranchak.com/zodiac/corey/hoax.html
How the cipher should have been deciphered by Corey
http://www.zodiologists.com/z408_cipher_filler_theory.html
The last 18 lines of the Z408 cipher theories
http://www.zodiackillerciphers.com/?p=233
How Harden solved the Z408 cipher
http://www.zodiacciphers.com/suspects.html
Potential Suspects
17 min
November 29, 2017 Episode 10 - The Playfair Cipher
by Alex Young
Learn about the history and usage of the Playfair cipher, a digraphic encryption method with a misleading name.
Sources
Baldwin, Erin. “Playfair Cipher” N.p., n.d Web. 30 Oct. 2017.
Kahn, David. Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson/Macmillan, 1967. Print.
Lyon, James. “Playfair Cipher.” Practical Cryptography. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 .
“NOVA Online | Decoding Nazi Secrets | The Double Playfair Cipher.” PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 .
“NOVA Online | Decoding Nazi Secrets | The Playfair Cipher.” PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 .
Oster, Grant. “History of the Playfair Cipher.” Hankering for History, N.p., n.d Web. 30 Oct. 2017.
Singh, Simon. Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. New York: Anchor, 2000. Print
Music: www.bensound.com/royalty-free-mus…ack/going-higher
Image: Screenshot from National Treasure 2
12 min
November 28, 2017 X Does Not Mark the Spot
by Shalin Naik
Olivier Levasseur was a ruthless and cunning pirate that terrorized the seas earning him the title La Buse: The Buzzard. Along with being a pirate, La Buse was highly educated and created a cipher to hide his 500 million Euro treasure he had pirated from a Bishop from France. His cipher has become one of the most confusing artifacts from the pirate times and has led one man to the edges of the Seychelles Archipelago trying to find it.
Sources:
Bath, G. The Levasseur Cryptogram. Retrieved from http://www.gjbath.com/Misc/LaBuse.htm
La Buse Cryptogram. Retrieved from
http://cipherfoundation.org/older-ciphers/la-buse-cryptogram/
Soteriou, H. (27 April 2017). The Island with $100 million hidden. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170425-the-island-with-100-million-hidden
Burridge, G. (10 August 2012). The Buzzard’s hoard: The fabulous, undiscovered pirate treasure of Seychelles. Retrieved from
http://glynnburridge.com/blog/2012/08/the-buzzards-hoard-the-fabulous-undiscovered-pirate-treasure-of-seychelles/
Tiburcio, M. (2012). Prying Open the Pigpen Cipher. Retrieved from
http://derekbruff.org/blogs/fywscrypto/historical-crypto/prying-open-the-pigpen-cipher/
Music:
https://www.royaltyfreemusicforfree.com/free-background-music/movie-background-music
https://www.royaltyfreemusicforfree.com/free-background-music/dramatic-background-music
https://www.royaltyfreemusicforfree.com/free-background-music/free-background-music-another-life
http://www.orangefreesounds.com/big-waves-crashing-stormy-sea/
Image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/miwok/10960921734/
16 min
November 28, 2017 The Pigpen Cipher: Secrets Across Generations
by Ejhazz Milford
On this week’s episode, we go over the history of the pigpen cipher. Stay strapped to your seat for this one folks because the history of the pigpen cipher is a long and exciting one. It’ll take you from the secretive Freemasons, to the treacherous Confederates, and to so much more. Who knows. By the end, you may be ready to starting encoding messages of your own.
Works Cited
Butler, W. S., & Keeney, L. D. (2001).Secret messages: concealment, codes, and other types of
ingenious communication. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Khan, David. The Codebreakers . The Macmillan Company, 1967.
MacNulty, W. K. (2006). Freemasonry: symbols, secrets, significance. London: Thames &
Hudson.
Tiburcio, Marco. “Prying Open the Pigpen Cipher.” Wonders & Marvels , Vanderbilt University.
Websites
https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensic-science-communications/fsc/jan2000/olso
n.htm
http://crypto.interactive-maths.com/pigpen-cipher.html
http://www.civilwarsignals.org/cipher/pigpencipher.html
Music
Solo Cello Passion by Doug Maxwell/Media Right Production
9 min

About One-Time Pod

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One-Time Pod explores the history of cryptography through episodes produced by students in Derek Bruff's first-year writing seminar at Vanderbilt University.

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