Sophie Blanchard floated through the French Revolution, Napoleon and eventually fell to earth in her flaming balloon. Hot air, a temperature greater than its surroundings is less dense than its surroundings. This means that heavier gas flows into the volume it occupies pushing the air upwards. The interplay of gravity and density are the magic ingredients of what we term convection. Now if the material involved contains energy, then the motion of material means the motion of energy. Heating things up in a gravitation field does lead to convection, but a lighter gas at the bottom of a column also experiences this effect. If you were to split diatomic oxygen (16 +16 = 32 u - unified atomic mass) into atomic oxygen (16 u) this lighter gas would rise, not because it is hotter but in the system having something more massive lower in a gravitation field at the expense of something less massive is a lower energy state. Here the term field describes where gravity is and not the action of gravity. The field refers to a volume I am thinking off and at every location in that volume the force of gravity act. Now splitting oxygen molecules into atoms can be done, but very quickly the oxygen sticks back together or sticks to something else meaning splitting does not last that long. But it is possible to deactivate the two binding sites of oxygen with light weight plugs and this will float. The plugs have to be lighter than oxygen, because that would mean the total weight would be heavier than two oxygen. We can plug it with hydrogen, then it will float. This will float, convect, up, high up into the air until ... it becomes.... clouds. Clouds are up there due to convection, and due to gravity. The cloud goes up, the balloon goes up because the air that it is heavier than is falling down. Clouds float because of gravity. Before returning to France and the first balloon flights let's go to the international space station (ISS). Here a cup of tea is a real drama. On earth the flame heats the bottom of the water, and thank you very much that little bit of water, is a little bit hot, and politely makes way for denser cold water, which is a little bit colder. This polite interchange enables the orderly distribution of heat through out all the pan of water being heated. Now chew on this, water does not rise because it is hot, it rises because it is less dense. Now the opposite could happen if we could some how make something more dense when it heated up. Then if we applied the heat at the top it would sink to the bottom. Will scientist ever do this? Well, if we look to the ice sheets in Greenland (a Danish territory in the Atlantic Ocean, thinking of Independence with the aid of Chinese money) we see ponds of water melting under the sun. The ice is white, due to the many little fractures inside scattering the light (you know that your ice cubes in your drink is transparent) . Light hits the cracks and gets scattered back into space, or into the explorers eyes causing snow blindness. Not so for liquid water, there are no cracks and most of the light energy is absorbed. The water heats up and falls off the ice down crevices. Worst of all when it finds its way to the base of the ice-sheet, the ice-sheet floats and rolls into the sea. Back in the space station, lighting a match is a problem as convection the normally draws fresh oxygen into the radical molecule zone (flame) isn't at work. Now it is not that there is no gravity, it is nearly the same as it is on earth - sitting at about 90 %. If there is gravity things accelerate (that's Einstein's insight) and in the space station things are accelerating, falling and thankfully not hitting the ground. To quote Douglas Adam, it is being thrown at the ground and missing. So everything is busy falling, and there is not much difference between any two objects. Lets get back to the pan. The water would stick inside due to surface tension. Then the point near the heat source would heat, and heat, no convect