PRIVACY TORTS — INTRUSION, APPROPRIATION, AND FALSE LIGHT

American tort law recognizes a set of privacy torts designed to protect individuals from unjustified invasions into their personal lives. These include intrusion upon seclusion, appropriation of name or likeness, and false light, each addressing different forms of harm.

Intrusion upon Seclusion focuses on protecting a person’s right to be left alone. The tort is established when a defendant intentionally invades a plaintiff’s private affairs in a way that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. No publication is required. Typical examples include unauthorized surveillance, wiretapping, or entering private spaces. A key requirement is that the plaintiff must have a reasonable expectation of privacy.

Appropriation of Name or Likeness protects individuals from unauthorized commercial use of their identity. This includes using someone’s name, photograph, voice, or likeness in advertising or other promotions without their consent. The use must confer a benefit on the defendant and be offensive to the plaintiff. Celebrities often invoke this tort under the broader “right of publicity.” Key defenses include consent, newsworthiness, and First Amendment protections for expressive works.

False Light addresses public portrayals that inaccurately or misleadingly place someone in a false and offensive position in the eyes of the public. It requires public disclosure of information that creates a false impression, where that portrayal would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. Often overlapping with defamation, false light differs by focusing on emotional and dignitary harms rather than damage to reputation. Public figure plaintiffs must prove actual malice.

Each of these torts is limited by important defenses, including consent, newsworthiness, and constitutional protections for speech and the press. Their recognition and scope may vary by jurisdiction, but together, they reflect the law’s effort to safeguard personal dignity, autonomy, and control over one’s identity.