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Explore Locke's Second Treatise: A foundational text on natural rights, consent of the governed, and limited government. Unpack the state of nature, property theory, and the right to revolution. Essential for understanding liberalism and democracy.

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• Corbett, P. Scott, Volker Janssen, John M. Lund, Todd Pfannestiel, Paul Vickery, and Sylvie Waskiewicz. "The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire." United States History I, OpenStax College. Accessed in provided source material.

• Dunn, John. The Political Thought of John Locke: An Historical Account of the Argument of the ‘Two Treatises of Government’. Cambridge University Press, 1969.

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• "Glorious Revolution." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 May 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&oldid=1293887583. Accessed [Current Date, e.g., 28 May 2024].

• Keough, Jessica Catherine. "Thomas Jefferson and John Locke: America’s Co-Founders." Accessed in provided source material.

• Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government. Edited by Richard H. Cox. Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1982.

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• Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government. Project Gutenberg, 28 July 2010, www.gutenberg.org/files/7370/7370-h/7370-h.htm.

• Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Edited by Peter Laslett, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1967.

• Shea, Matthew. "Hobbes, Locke, and the Social Contract." American Battlefield Trust. Accessed in provided source material.

• Stolzenberg, Nomi M., and Gideon Yaffe. "Waldron’s Locke and Locke’s Waldron: A Review of Jeremy Waldron’s God, Locke, and Equality." Inquiry, vol. 49, no. 2, Apr. 2006, pp. 186–216.

• "The social contract theories of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau are just fantasies." Reddit, r/askphilosophy. Accessed in provided source material.

• Tuckness, Alex. "Locke’s Political Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Last substantive revision 6 Oct. 2020. Accessed in provided source material.

• Walsh, Julie. "Locke: Ethics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed in provided source material.

Unpack Hobbes's Leviathan: A foundational text on human nature, the brutal state of nature, and the necessity of absolute sovereignty. Discover the logic behind the social contract and the chilling cost of peace.

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• Cambridge University Press. "Hobbes: Leviathan." Higher Education from Cambridge University Press, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808166.

• English Heritage. "The English Civil Wars: Origins, Events and Legacy." English Heritage, n.d.

• EBSCO Research Starters. "Hobbes Publishes Leviathan." EBSCO Research Starters, n.d.

• Gardner, David. "Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli: A Comparison." E-International Relations, 1 Sept. 2010, https://www.e-ir.info/2010/09/01/thomas-hobbes-and-niccolo-machiavelli-a-comparison/.

• Hampton, Jean. Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

• Harrison, Spencer John Harry. Thomas Hobbes and the phenomena of civil war: A textual exposition of Hobbes's commitment to the empirical and historical existence of the state of nature. 2023. Durham U, MA thesis. Durham E-Theses Online, http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14822/.

• Heyrman, Christine Leigh. "Puritanism and Predestination." Divining America, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center, n.d., https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/puritan.htm.

• Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: Revised Student Edition. Edited by Richard Tuck, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

• Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: With Selected Variants from the Latin Edition of 1668. Edited by Edwin Curley, Hackett Publishing Company, 1994.

• Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: With Selected Variants from the Latin Edition of 1668. Edited by Edwin Curley, Hackett Publishing Company, 1994. Amazon.com, https://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-selected-variants-Latin-edition/dp/0872201775.

• Hobbes, Thomas. "Leviathan Part 1: Man." Edited by Jonathan Bennett, Early Modern Texts, 2017.

• Kashyap, Shubhankar. "Tracing Hobbes in Realist International Relations Theory." n.d.

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• Lloyd, Sharon A., and Susanne Sreedhar. "Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2022.

• Mendle, Michael, editor. The Putney Debates of 1647: The Army, the Levellers and the English State. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

• Morrill, John. "Society and Economic Life." Stuart Britain: A Very Short Introduction, by Morrill, Oxford UP, 2000. Oxford Academic, 24 Sept. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192854001.003.0001.

• Reddit. "Thoughts on Hobbes' Leviathan? Do you think modern day politics abide to it?" Reddit, n.d.

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• Skinner, Quentin. Hobbes and Republican Liberty. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

• Springborg, Patricia, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes's Leviathan. Cambridge University Press, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521836670.

• Unstated Author. "Understanding Political Realism: A Review of the Thoughts of Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Morgenthau." Journal Mengeja.ID, n.d.

​​Explore Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy: A groundbreaking journey through radical doubt to fundamental certainty. Uncover the "Cogito," God's existence, and the mind-body distinction. Essential for understanding modern philosophy's beginnings.

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• "Descartes' Key Philosophical Writings..." r/askphilosophy, Reddit, n.d.

• Descartes, René. Discourse on Method and Meditations. Translated by Elizabeth S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross, Dover Publications, 2003.

• Descartes, René. "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences." Marxists Internet Archive, n.d.

• Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies. Translated and edited by John Cottingham and Bernard Williams, Cambridge UP, 1996.

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• Hume, David. Treatise of Human Nature, Book 1. Edited by Jonathan Bennett, Early Modern Texts, 2017.

• Lee, Sarah. "Aristotelianism in Medieval Philosophy." Number Analytics, 27 May 2025.

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• Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series, 1999.

• Look, Brandon C. "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 24 July 2013.

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• Shapiro, Lisa. "Descartes’s Passions of the Soul." Philosophy Compass, vol. 1, no. 3, 2006, pp. 268–78.

• Shapiro, Lisa. "Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2021.

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Unpack Machiavelli's The Prince: A ruthless guide to acquiring and keeping power. Explore virtù vs. fortuna, the ethics of fear vs. love, and political realism. Essential for understanding leadership and the true nature of power.

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Loughlin, Martin. "Reason of State/State of Reason." Political Jurisprudence, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 141-168. Oxford Academic, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810223.003.0009.

Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Translated and edited by Peter Bondanella, with an introduction by Maurizio Viroli, Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Machiavelli, Niccolò, and Harvey C. Mansfield. "The Prince." Goodreads, n.d.

Majoul, B., et al. "A Cynical Theory and Wicked Men: The Origins of Classical Realism's Pessimism and Cynicism." ICLAHD 2022, ASSEHR 726, Atlantis Press, 2023, pp. 448–454, https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-97-8_56.

"Morgenthau and Realism." Surendranath Evening College, n.d.

Najemy, John M., editor. The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

O'Rourke, John. "Machiavelli’s The Prince: Still Relevant after All These Years." BU Today, 6 Feb. 2013.

"Power to the People: The role of the People in The Prince." Arts One - The University of British Columbia, n.d.

"Realism (international relations)." Wikipedia, 4 May 2024.

Ridolfi, Roberto. The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli. Translated by Cecil Grayson, University of Chicago Press, 1963.

Rohr, Zita. "Machiavelli's Legacy: 'The Prince' After Five Hundred Years ed. by Timothy Fuller (review)." Parergon, vol. 33, no. 3, 2016, pp. 211-212.

Skinner, Quentin. "Machiavelli's political morality." European Review, vol. 6, no. 3, Aug. 1998, pp. 321-325. Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798700003355.

Strauss, Leo. Thoughts on Machiavelli. The University of Chicago Press, 1958.

Tashko, Gerti. "Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) – Architect of Political Realism." Dr. Tashko, n.d.

"The Prince." Wikipedia, 4 May 2024.

"The Prince Themes." LitCharts, n.d.

"Virtù." Wikipedia, 12 May 2024.

Walsh, Mary. "Historical reception of Machiavelli." Seeking Real Truths: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Machiavelli, edited by Mary Walsh, Brill, 2007, pp. 271–301.

"What Can You Learn from Machiavelli?" Yale Insights, n.d.

Delve into Aquinas's Summa Theologica: A monumental synthesis of faith and reason. Explore God's existence (Five Ways), the nature of good, law, and virtue. Essential for understanding medieval thought and Christian theology.

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• "A Survey of Magisterial Support for St. Thomas Aquinas." Santo Tomas de Aquino, n.d., pp. 143-197.

• Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Christian Classics, 1981.

• Aquinas, Thomas. The Summa Theologiæ of St. Thomas Aquinas. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 2nd ed., Kevin Knight, 2017. New Advent, www.newadvent.org/summa/.

• Bodo, Victor. "Thomas Aquinas on Aristotle." Abyssal consciousness

• "Christian ethics." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

• Dimmock, Mark, and Andrew Fisher. "Aquinas’s Natural Law Theory." Ethics for A-Level. Open Book Publishers, n.d. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1wc7r6j.8. 

• Emery, Gilles, O.P., and Matthew Levering, editors. Aristotle in Aquinas’s Theology. Oxford University Press, 2015.

• Feser, Edward. Aquinas: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications, 2009.

• Gardner, Patrick Xavier. "The Metaphysics of Meaning: Aquinas and the Meaning of Life." New Blackfriars, vol. 105, 2024, pp. 401–415. Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/nbf.2024.6.

• Gilson, Etienne. Thomism: The Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Translated by Laurence K. Shook and Armand Maurer, 6th ed., Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2002.

• Hoffmann, Tobias, Jörn Müller, and Matthias Perkams, editors. Aquinas and the Nicomachean Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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• Kiankhah, L. "The Principle of “Existence Distinction from Essential Substance”: A Comparative Study of the Views of Avicenna and Thomas Aquinas." Islamic Philosophical Doctrines, vol. 17, no. 31, Dec. 2023, pp. 145–168. doi:10.30513/ipd.2023.4880.1411.

• Lee, Sarah. "The Five Ways: A Philosophical Examination." Number Analytics, 26 May 2025. 

• Lee, Sarah. "Scholasticism: A Philosophical Revolution." Number Analytics, 28 May 2025. 

• Marenbon, John. "Medieval Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 19 Dec. 2024. 

• Mitchell, Philip Irving. "Key Ideas in Summa I-II. Questions 1-5 (Happiness) and 6, 8-9, 13, 18-21 (WILLING THE GOOD)." Dallas Baptist University, n.d.

• Pasnau, Robert, editor. The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy. Associate editor Christina Van Dyke, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

• Pasnau, Robert. "Thomas Aquinas." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2022. 

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Delve into Augustine's City of God: A monumental defense of Christianity and a profound analysis of history. Explore the clash of the Earthly City vs. City of God, justice, war, and humanity's ultimate destiny. Essential for understanding faith, power, and Western thought.

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• "An Overview on the Content and Importance of Augustine's City of God." 1517.

• "Augustine Looks at Ecclesiastes from Within 'The City of God'." American Journal of Biblical Theology.

• "Augustine's Intellectual Conversion." Seton Hall University.

• "Augustine's political philosophy." The Cambridge Companion to Augustine.

• "Augustine's The City of God and Why It Matters Today." Christ Over All.

• Augustine, Saint. Concerning The City of God Against the Pagans. Translated by Henry Bettenson, introduction by John O’Meara, Penguin Books, 2004.

• Augustine, Saint. "City of God, Book XVII." New Advent, 2023.

• Augustine, Saint. "City of God, Book XX." New Advent, 2023.

• Augustine, Saint. The City of God. Translated by Marcus Dods, A Roman Roads Etext.

• Augustine, Saint. The City of God. Translated by Marcus Dods, introduction by Thomas Merton, Modern Library, 2000.

• Augustine, Saint. The City of God (Abridged Study Edition). Abridged by Joseph T. Kelley, translated by William Babcock, notes by Boniface Ramsey, New City Press, 2018.

• Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (New Edition, with an Epilogue). University of California Press, 2000.

• Chambers, David. "Augustine’s Philosophy of History in the City of God." Reformed & Confessional, Oct. 14.

• "Comparing Thomas Hobbes and Augustine Essay." Bartleby.com.

• Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Augustine and the Limits of Politics. Goodreads.

• Fitzgerald, Allan D., editor. Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2009.

• Fredriksen, Paula. "Apocalypse and Redemption in Early Christianity: From John of Patmos to Augustine of Hippo." Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 45, 1991, pp. 151-83.

• "Has anyone read St. Augustine's confessions and City of God?" Reddit, r/classics.

• "Impressions after reading City of God by St. Augustine." Reddit, r/Christianity.

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• "Machiavelli v St. Augustine, a Tale of Two Cities: (A Philosophical Comparison between the City of Man and the City of God)."

• Madi, Maria Alejandra. A Philosophical Look at Social Justice in Saint Augustine’s City of God. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2022.

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• Robb. "Augustine, Scripture, and City of God…" QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2022, pp. 46-49.

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Journey with Augustine in his Confessions: A raw, introspective quest for God. Explore his struggles with sin, intellectual wanderings, and profound conversion. A foundational work on faith, memory, and the restless human heart.

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• [Unattributed]. "AUGUSTINE AND MANICHAEISM." n.d. This source mentions "rick jones" and "Robert D. Wallin" as maintaining the page with a copyright of 1999, but lacks a specific title or publisher for formal citation.

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• [Unattributed]. "Chapter 2. Dialogue and Debate in Late Antiquity." The Center for Hellenic Studies, n.d. This chapter excerpt lacks specific author, full book title, and publication date.

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• Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo. 1967. This work is inferred from a bibliographic reference within the provided sources.

• Canty, Aaron. "Saint Paul in Augustine." A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages, edited by Aaron Canty, vol. 39, Brill, 2013, pp. 115–142. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004236721_006.

• Eastman, Regina. "Shameless Shame: St. Augustine's Confessions." Anthós Journal (1990-1996), vol. 1, no. 2, 1991, Article 5. PDXScholar, https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anthos_archives/vol1/iss2/5.

• Farrell, James M. "The Rhetoric(s) of St. Augustine's Confessions." Augustinian Studies, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 265–291. THE AUGUSTINIAN INSTITUTE at Villanova University, doi:0.5840/augstudies200839224.

• Fitzgerald, Allan D., editor. Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. Eerdmans, 1999.

• Harmless, William, editor. Augustine in His Own Words. The Catholic University of America Press, 2010.

• Kraley, Shon H. "Neoplatonic Influences in Augustine's Confessions." Anthós Journal (1990-1996), vol. 1, no. 1, 1990, Article 6. PDXScholar, https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anthos_archives/vol1/iss1/6.

• Krause, Paul. "The Fall of Soul from Plotinus to Augustine." VoegelinView, n.d. The article's specific publication date is not provided in the excerpt.

• Letteney, Mark. The Christianization of Knowledge in Late Antiquity: Intellectual and Material Transformations. Cambridge University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009363341.

• Mears, Preston Kennard, Jr. "St. Augustine and Romans 7:7-25: An Analysis of Use and Influences." 1966. Bachelor of Divinity thesis, The Episcopal Theological School. Internet Archive.

• Mellone, Sydney Herbert. Leaders of Early Christian Thought. The Lindsey Press, 1954.

• Wickham Lionel, R., and Caroline P. Bammel. "Augustine's Paradoxes." Christian Faith and Greek Philosophy in Late Antiquity, Brill, pp. 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004312852_005.

Delve into Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics: Discover eudaimonia (human flourishing) through virtue and practical wisdom. Explore the Golden Mean, the role of friendship, and the path to a truly good life. 

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• Alwali, Abduljaleel. "Aristotle’s Criticism of Pre-Socratic Natural Philosophy." 2006. PhilArchive.

• Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Joe Sachs, Focus Publishing / R. Pullins Company, 2002.

• Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin, 3rd ed., Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2019.

• Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by W. D. Ross, Focus Publishing / R. Pullins Company, 2002.

• Axtell, Guy, and Philip Olson. "Recent Work in Applied Virtue Ethics." American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 3, July 2012, pp. 183–97.

• Bankson, Layton. "The Historical Context of Aristotle's Ethics." n.d.

• Brady, John C. "A Problem Based Reading of Nussbaum’s Virtue Ethics." Epoché Philosophy Monthly, no. 16, Sept. 2018.

• Clayton, Edward. "Aristotle: Politics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, n.d., iep.utm.edu/aris-poli/. Accessed 11 June 2024.

• Frede, Dorothea. "The political character of Aristotle's ethics." The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle's Politics, edited by Marguerite Deslauriers and Pierre Destrée, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 14–37.

• Hamlyn, D. W. "Aristotle's Ethics - W. F. R. Hardie: Aristotle's Ethical Theory." The Classical Review, vol. 20, no. 2, June 1970, pp. 162–64.

• Head-Royce School. "Aristotle on Rhetoric." n.d.

• Hursthouse, Rosalind. "Environmental Virtue Ethics." Environmental Virtue Ethics, edited by R. Sandler and P. Cafaro, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

• Kochin, Michael. "Retrieving the Ancients: An Introduction to Greek Philosophy." Review of Retrieving the Ancients: An Introduction to Greek Philosophy, by David Roochnik. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2005.07.44, 2005.

• Kraut, Richard. "Aristotle's Ethics." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2022, plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/. Accessed 11 June 2024.

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Explore Plato's Republic: A foundational inquiry into justice, the ideal state, and the human soul. Unpack the Allegory of the Cave, philosopher kings, and timeless questions of governance and truth.

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Explore Guunmong (The Cloud Dream of the Nine): A classic Korean tale of a monk's dream journey through worldly ambition, love, and power. Uncover the profound Buddhist and Confucian lessons on illusion, desire, and enlightenment. A timeless spiritual epic.

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