Urological and renal disorders, encompassing their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Urological disorders, exploring conditions like lower urinary tract infections, interstitial cystitis, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, and urinary incontinence.

Acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, Goodpasture's syndrome, acute kidney injury, and chronic renal failure.