Join us as we get into the second half of Abigail Adams’s life, born in 1744 in Massachusetts, she was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President. She was a staunch advocate for women's rights and education, famously urging her husband to "remember the ladies" when drafting laws. Adams corresponded extensively with her husband during his political career, offering him advice and insights. Her letters provide valuable historical insight into life during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the United States. Abigail Adams is celebrated for her intelligence, wit, and advocacy for social and political equality Sources:

Picture: Abigail Adams by Benjamin Blyth

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abigail_Adams.jpg

Massachusetts Historical Society: Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 March - 5 April 1776

https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17760331aa

Massachusetts Historical Society: Adams Family Papers:

https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/index

Boston Tea Party Muesum website: John Adams and the Revolutionary War:

https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/john-adams-revolutionary-war?

Massachusetts Historical Society: “Light, airy, and genteel”: Abigail Adams on French Women:

https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/01/light-airy-and-genteel-abigail-adams-on-french-women/

Massachusetts Historical Society: Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 19 August 1774: https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17740819aa&rec=sheet&archive=&hi=&numRecs=&query=&queryid=&start=&tag=&num=10&bc=/digitaladams/archive/browse/letters_1774_1777.php

National Archives: Abigail Adams to Martha Washington. [9 February 1797]: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-11-02-0289

National Women’s History Museum: Abigail Smith Adams: https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/abigail-adams

Wikipedia: Abigail Adams Cairn: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Cairn

Wikipedia: Abigail Adams https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams

Britannica: Abigail Adams: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abigail-Adams

Abigail Adams, born in 1744 in Massachusetts, was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President. She was a staunch advocate for women's rights and education, famously urging her husband to "remember the ladies" when drafting laws. Adams corresponded extensively with her husband during his political career, offering him advice and insights. Her letters provide valuable historical insight into life during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the United States. Abigail Adams is celebrated for her intelligence, wit, and advocacy for social and political equality Sources:

Picture: Abigail Adams by Benjamin Blyth

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abigail_Adams.jpg

Massachusetts Historical Society: Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 March - 5 April 1776

https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17760331aa

Massachusetts Historical Society: Adams Family Papers:

https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/index

Boston Tea Party Muesum website: John Adams and the Revolutionary War:

https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/john-adams-revolutionary-war?

Massachusetts Historical Society: “Light, airy, and genteel”: Abigail Adams on French Women:

https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/01/light-airy-and-genteel-abigail-adams-on-french-women/

Massachusetts Historical Society: Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 19 August 1774: https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17740819aa&rec=sheet&archive=&hi=&numRecs=&query=&queryid=&start=&tag=&num=10&bc=/digitaladams/archive/browse/letters_1774_1777.php

National Archives: Abigail Adams to Martha Washington. [9 February 1797]: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-11-02-0289

National Women’s History Museum: Abigail Smith Adams: https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/abigail-adams

Wikipedia: Abigail Adams Cairn: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Cairn

Wikipedia: Abigail Adams https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams

Britannica: Abigail Adams: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abigail-Adams

Sources:

Picture: National Gallery of Art: Marie Antoinette 1783, oil painting by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun

https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.46065.html

Britannica: Marie Antoinette

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France

Wikipedia:

Dusty Old Thing: The morning Routine of Marie Antoinette: By Rose Heichelbech

https://dustyoldthing.com/marie-antoinette-morning-routine/

The World of the Habsburgs: Maria Theresa’s children

https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/maria-theresas-children

Wikipedia: The Palace of Versailles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles

Ranker: Just how poor was people’s hygiene during the french revolution?

https://www.ranker.com/list/french-revolution-hygiene/jim-rowley

Wikipedia: The Bedding Ceremony

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedding_ceremony

History Hustle: 5 things you may not know about Marie Antoinette

https://historyhustle.com/marie-antoinette/

Wikipedia: Petit Trianon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Trianon

Chateau de Versailles: The English Garden

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/estate-trianon/english-gardens#the-love-monument

Chateau de Versailles: The Petit Trianon

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/estate-trianon/petit-trianon#history-of-the-site

Wikipedia: Le Hameau de la Reine

Britannica: Ètienne-François de Choiseul, duke de choiseul

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Etienne-Francois-de-Choiseul-duc-de-Choiseul

Britannica: Anne-Robert-JAcques Turgot, Baron De l’Aulne

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Robert-Jacques-Turgot-baron-de-lAulne

Chateau de versailles: The affair of the Diamond Necklace, 1784-1785

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/affair-diamond-necklace-1784-1785

Britannica: Affair of the diamond Necklace

https://www.britannica.com/event/Affair-of-the-Diamond-Necklace

Wikipedia: The Affair of the Diamond Necklace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace

Dangerous minds: the pronographic propaganda that was used against marie Antoinette.

https://dangerousminds.net/comments/the_pornographic_propaganda_that_was_used_against_marie_antoinette

Guided History: Marie Antoinette in the public eye

https://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/historians-craft/marieantoinetteinthepubliceye/

Chateau de Versailles: Marie Antoinette

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/marie-antoinette#marie-antoinette-in-private

Chateau de Versailles: Madame Royale

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/madame-royale#:~:text=Born%20at%20Versailles%2C%20Marie%2DThérèse,to%20survive%20the%20French%20Revolution.

Chateau de Versailles: Louis XVII

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/louis-xvii#:~:text=at%20her%20trial.-,Based%20on%20the%20testimony%20of%20her%20son%2C%20Marie%20Antoinette%20was,supervision%20of%20his%20new%20tutor.

World History.Org: The trial and execution of Marie Antoinette

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2099/trial-and-execution-of-marie-antoinette/

The Collector: Marie Antoinette’s Death: How Did She Die and Why?

https://www.thecollector.com/marie-antoinette-death/

History Extra: the life and death of Marie Antoinette: everything you need to know about the last queen of France

https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/marie-antoinette-facts-life-death-cake-buried/#

Biography.com: Marie Antoinette

https://www.biography.com/royalty/marie-antoinette

Join us in the second installment of our Marie Antoinette mini-series! Last week we talked about the childhood and unfortunate circumstances surrounding the beginning of Marie Antoinette’s life and the beginning of her marriage to Louis. Let’s continue down along the story of her life as the revolution in France was beginning to spark. Sources:

Picture: National Gallery of Art: Marie Antoinette 1783, oil painting by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun

https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.46065.html

Britannica: Marie Antoinette

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France

Wikipedia:

Dusty Old Thing: The morning Routine of Marie Antoinette: By Rose Heichelbech

https://dustyoldthing.com/marie-antoinette-morning-routine/

The World of the Habsburgs: Maria Theresa’s children

https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/maria-theresas-children

Wikipedia: The Palace of Versailles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles

Ranker: Just how poor was people’s hygiene during the french revolution?

https://www.ranker.com/list/french-revolution-hygiene/jim-rowley

Wikipedia: The Bedding Ceremony

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedding_ceremony

History Hustle: 5 things you may not know about Marie Antoinette

https://historyhustle.com/marie-antoinette/

Wikipedia: Petit Trianon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Trianon

Chateau de Versailles: The English Garden

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/estate-trianon/english-gardens#the-love-monument

Chateau de Versailles: The Petit Trianon

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/estate-trianon/petit-trianon#history-of-the-site

Wikipedia: Le Hameau de la Reine

Britannica: Ètienne-François de Choiseul, duke de choiseul

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Etienne-Francois-de-Choiseul-duc-de-Choiseul

Britannica: Anne-Robert-JAcques Turgot, Baron De l’Aulne

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Robert-Jacques-Turgot-baron-de-lAulne

Chateau de versailles: The affair of the Diamond Necklace, 1784-1785

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/affair-diamond-necklace-1784-1785

Britannica: Affair of the diamond Necklace

https://www.britannica.com/event/Affair-of-the-Diamond-Necklace

Wikipedia: The Affair of the Diamond Necklace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace

Dangerous minds: the pronographic propaganda that was used against marie Antoinette.

https://dangerousminds.net/comments/the_pornographic_propaganda_that_was_used_against_marie_antoinette

Guided History: Marie Antoinette in the public eye

https://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/historians-craft/marieantoinetteinthepubliceye/

Chateau de Versailles: Marie Antoinette

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/marie-antoinette#marie-antoinette-in-private

Chateau de Versailles: Madame Royale

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/madame-royale#:~:text=Born%20at%20Versailles%2C%20Marie%2DThérèse,to%20survive%20the%20French%20Revolution.

Chateau de Versailles: Louis XVII

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/louis-xvii#:~:text=at%20her%20trial.-,Based%20on%20the%20testimony%20of%20her%20son%2C%20Marie%20Antoinette%20was,supervision%20of%20his%20new%20tutor.

World History.Org: The trial and execution of Marie Antoinette

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2099/trial-and-execution-of-marie-antoinette/

The Collector: Marie Antoinette’s Death: How Did She Die and Why?

https://www.thecollector.com/marie-antoinette-death/

History Extra: the life and death of Marie Antoinette: everything you need to know about the last queen of France

https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/marie-antoinette-facts-life-death-cake-buried/#

Biography.com: Marie Antoinette

https://www.biography.com/royalty/marie-antoinette

Join us as we talk about Marie Antoinette was born in Austria in 1755 and married the future King Louis XVI of France at the age of 15. As Queen of France, she faced immense public scrutiny and criticism, especially for her lavish spending and perceived extravagance. Despite her efforts to fulfill her duties as queen and mother, she became a symbol of the perceived excesses of the French monarchy. During the French Revolution, she and her husband were imprisoned, and both were eventually executed by guillotine in 1793. Marie Antoinette's life is often remembered for its tragic end and as a symbol of the downfall of the French monarchy Sources:

Picture: National Gallery of Art: Marie Antoinette 1783, oil painting by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun

https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.46065.html

Britannica: Marie Antoinette

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France

Wikipedia:

Dusty Old Thing: The morning Routine of Marie Antoinette: By Rose Heichelbech

https://dustyoldthing.com/marie-antoinette-morning-routine/

The World of the Habsburgs: Maria Theresa’s children

https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/maria-theresas-children

Wikipedia: The Palace of Versailles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles

Ranker: Just how poor was people’s hygiene during the french revolution?

https://www.ranker.com/list/french-revolution-hygiene/jim-rowley

Wikipedia: The Bedding Ceremony

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedding_ceremony

History Hustle: 5 things you may not know about Marie Antoinette

https://historyhustle.com/marie-antoinette/

Wikipedia: Petit Trianon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Trianon

Join us as we dive into the story of Mercy Otis Warren, born in Massachusetts in 1728, was an American writer and revolutionary. She was an outspoken critic of British rule and used her pen to advocate for American independence. Warren wrote plays, poems, and essays promoting revolutionary ideals. Her work "History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution" remains a significant historical account. She was one of the earliest American women to publish political writings and played a vital role in shaping public opinion during the Revolutionary War era. Warren died in 1814, leaving behind a legacy as a pioneering woman of letters and a staunch patriot. Sources:

Wikipedia: Mercy Otis Warren

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren

National Women’s History Museum

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mercy-otis-warren

Wikipedia: Sons of Liberty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty

Wikipedia: Committees of Correspondence

https://en.wikipedia.or/Committees_of_correspondence

Wikipedia: Liberty Tree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tree

Grand Prairie Independent School District, The Navigation Acts

https://www.gpisd.org/cms/lib/TX01001872/Centricity/Domain/15103/APUSH%20Summer%20Bridge%20Assignment%20-%20Part%201.pdf

Wikipedia: Gaspee Affair

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_affair

Wikipedia: Democratic Republican Party

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party

Wikipedia: Federalist Party

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party#:~:text=The%20%22Federalist%20Party%22%20was%20founded,included%20Hamilton%20and%20James%20Madison.

Bostons Women’s History Trail

https://bwht.org/ladies-walk-tour/

Join us as we talk about

Joan of Arc, born in France in 1412, was a peasant girl who claimed divine guidance to support Charles VII and the French army during the Hundred Years' War. She led the French to several key victories, including the lifting of the siege at Orléans. Captured by the English in 1430, she was tried for heresy and witchcraft, and ultimately burned at the stake in 1431 at the age of 19. She was later canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church and remains an iconic figure in French history. It’s a bit of a long one so strap in as we go back to 1400s france Sources:

Britannica: St. Joan of Arc

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Joan-of-Arc/Character-and-importance

Britannica: Orléans

https://www.britannica.com/place/Orleans-France

Britannica: Heresy

https://www.britannica.com/topic/heresy’

U.K Parliament: Themedieval Church

https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/medievalchurch/#:~:text=Before%20the%20fifteenth%20century%20the,for%20imprisonment%2C%20trial%20and%20execution.

Britannica: Michael

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Michael-archangel

Britannica: St. Catherine of Alexandria

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Catherine-of-Alexandria

Britannica: St. Margaret of Antioch

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Margaret-of-Antioch

Join us as we talk about

Joan of Arc, born in France in 1412, was a peasant girl who claimed divine guidance to support Charles VII and the French army during the Hundred Years' War. She led the French to several key victories, including the lifting of the siege at Orléans. Captured by the English in 1430, she was tried for heresy and witchcraft, and ultimately burned at the stake in 1431 at the age of 19. She was later canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church and remains an iconic figure in French history. Sources:

Britannica: St. Joan of Arc

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Joan-of-Arc/Character-and-importance

Britannica: Orléans

https://www.britannica.com/place/Orleans-France

Britannica: Heresy

https://www.britannica.com/topic/heresy’

U.K Parliament: Themedieval Church

https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/medievalchurch/#:~:text=Before%20the%20fifteenth%20century%20the,for%20imprisonment%2C%20trial%20and%20execution.

Britannica: Michael

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Michael-archangel

Britannica: St. Catherine of Alexandria

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Catherine-of-Alexandria

Britannica: St. Margaret of Antioch

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Margaret-of-Antioch

Betsy Ross, born Elizabeth Griscom in 1752, was an American seamstress known for her reputed role in creating the first American flag. She married three times and was expelled from the Quaker community for marrying outside the faith. Despite debate about her involvement, she remains an enduring symbol of American patriotism. Sources: Picture: Betsy Ross likely didn’t sew the first U.S. flag: https:www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/betsy-ross-likely-didnt-sew-the-first-us-flag American Battefield Trust: Betsy Ross https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/betsy-ross#:~:text=This%20talent%20naturally%20allowed%20Griscom,two%20soon%20fell%20in%20love WikiTree: John Ross (1752-1776) https://www.wikitree.com/wiki-Ross-1181#:~:text=John%20Ross%20met%20Betsy%20Griscom,came%20from%20a%20Quaker%20family Wikipedia: Flag Acts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Acts Wikipedia: The Battle of Iron Works Hill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iron_Works_Hill American Battlefield Trust: Iron Works Hill: https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/iron-works-hill Us history.org https://www.ushistory.org/betsy/house/room5.html Wikipedia: The Betsy Ross House

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Ross_House

Wikipedia: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union#:~:text=The%20first%2013%20became%20states,of%20Confederation%2C%20its%20first%20constitution.

U.S. History.org, The Betsy Ross and the American Flag

https://www.ushistory.org/betsy/index.html Library of Congress, Betsy Ross Search https://www.loc.gov/search/in=&q=Betsy+Ross&new=true&st=History.com, Betsy Ross https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/betsy-ross