Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Migraine?
0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology
3:33 Migraine Symptoms
5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)
7:30 Migraine Treatment


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice, 2024. Migraine headache in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/10 (Best Practice)
2. Frimpong-Manson, K., Ortiz, Y.T., McMahon, L.R. & Wilkerson, J.L., 2024. Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology: a bench to bedside review of research insights and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 17:1355281. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1355281/full (Frontiers)
3. Migraine Trust, 2024. Stages of a migraine attack. [online] Available at: https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/stages-of-a-migraine-attack/ (migrainetrust.org)

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GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects. 

PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists? 
0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of Action
1:35 GLP-1 Agonist Indications & Uses
2:37 GLP-1 Agonist Examples 
4:05 GLP-1 Agonist Side Effects

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. Manne-Goehler, J., Franco, J., 2025. Side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. BMJ, 390:r1606. [online] Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1606.full. (bmj.com)
2. Collins, L., 2024. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. StatPearls. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/. (NCBI)
3. Andreasen, C.R., Andersen, A., Knop, F.K. & Vilsbøll, T., 2021. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocrine Connections, 10(7). [online] Available at: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/7/EC-21-0130.xml. (ec.bioscientifica.com)
4. Diabetes UK, 2025. GLP-1 agonists – tablets and medication. [online] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/tablets-and-medication/glp-1. (Diabetes UK)

Hyperthyroidism explained, including causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's Disease and Toxic Multinodular Goitre! We also look at hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as diagnosis and hyperthyroidism treatment

PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hyperthyroidism?
0:27 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
2:00 Grave’s Disease
3:22 Toxic Multinodular Goitre
3:45  Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism 
5:10 Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
6:13 Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis) 
6:42 Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis
8:19 Hyperthyroidism Treatment

References

1. MSD Manuals, 2025. Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Thyroid Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism.
2. Geeky Medics, 2023. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyrotoxicosis-and-hyperthyroidism/.
3. BMJ Best Practice, 2025. History & exam – Thyroid dysfunction. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/32/history-exam.

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?
0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism
2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism
3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Tertiary)
4:05 Hypothyroidism Symptoms
5:44 Hypothyroidism Diagnosis
7:49 Hypothyroidism Treatment
 

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


References

1. TeachMePhysiology. The Thyroid Gland. Last updated 8 February 2024. Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/endocrine-system/thyroid-parathyroid-gland/thyroid-gland/
2. Geeky Medics. Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Interpretation. Published 28 April 2018. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyroid-function-test-tft-interpretation/
3. BMJ Best Practice. Thyroid Disorders – Background / Epidemiology / Screening / Prevention. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/36
4. BMJ Best Practice. Primary Hypothyroidism – Diagnosis / Management. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/535?q=Primary hypothyroidism&c=recentlyviewed
5. British Thyroid Foundation (BTF). Thyroid Function Tests. Last revised 10 September 2022. Available at: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout. 

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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Anaemia?
1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia
3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia 
4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease 
6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia 
7:09 Normocytic Anaemia - Hypoproliferative 
8:49 Normocytic Anaemia - Hyperproliferative 
10:04 Normocytic Anaemia - Mixed
10:33 Macrocytic Anaemia - Megaloblastic (Vitamin B12 / Folate Deficiency) 
11:48 Macrocytic Anaemia - Non Megaloblastic 
12:20 Anaemia Symptoms
13:39 Anaemia Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia – Diagnosis Approach. Updated 24 September 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/93/diagnosis-approach
2. MDCalc. Mentzer Index. Published 2017. Available at: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10534/mentzer-index#evidence
3. Geeky Medics. Anaemia Overview. Published 3 April 2021. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/anaemia-overview/
4. StatPearls. Anemia. StatPearls Publishing; last updated 8 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/
5. American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Evaluation of Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 2009;79(3):203-208. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/p203/jcr:content/root/aafp-article-primary-content-container/aafp_article_main_par/aafp_figure1.enlarge.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Leishmaniasis
0:11 Leishmania Parasitology 
0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle
1:55 Leishmania Types
3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms
5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis
6:58 Leishmaniasis Treatment

References

1. MSD Manuals. Leishmaniasis – Diagnosis. Reviewed/Revised December 2022; modified April 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/leishmaniasis#Diagnosis_v1016364
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Leishmaniasis. Published 13 March 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leishmaniasis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
4. BMJ Best Practice. Leishmaniasis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last updated 2023. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/527

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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Breast Cancer explained clearly, including breast anatomy and symptoms as well as risk factors and types of breast cancer. We look at hormone receptors / HER2 receptor, as well as diagnosis including breast screening and treatment - from surgery to systemic therapies.

PDFs Available: www.rhesusmedicine.com

Timestamps:
0:00 Breast Cancer Definition
0:07 Breast Anatomy
1:57 Breast Cancer Types 
4:58 Breast Cancer Symptoms
6:17 Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Epidemiology
7:26 Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Screening
9:26 Breast Cancer Treatment

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

References:

1. TeachMeAnatomy. (2025) Breasts. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/breasts/
2. BMJ Best Practice. (2025) Primary invasive breast cancer. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/716
3. MSD Manuals. (2025) Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-cancer/breast-cancer

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) explained, including most common symptoms (and some less common, like Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome!) as well as PID pathology. Also covers diagnosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment. 

PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
0:23 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology
1:46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms
3:50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes
4:51 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis
6:33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment 

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice. Pelvic inflammatory disease (2025). Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/195
2. MSD Manuals. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (2023). Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

The Stages of Labour explained clearly, including the 3 main stages (and an extra 4th!), as well as covering factors affecting delivery (commonly called the 3 P's) and also includes the Cardinal Movements of Labour - the movements the fetus undertakes during delivery! 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 Definition of Labor
1:09 Stage 1 of Labor
2:49 Stage 2 of Labor
3:27 Stage 3 of Labor
4:35 The Unofficial Stage 4 of Labor
5:03 The 3 P’s
6:39 Cardinal Movements of Labor

PDFs Available Here:
www.rhesusmedicine.com

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

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Pediatric Developmental Milestones explained including specific milestones from all the way from earliest months to preschool years, with a memory tool to help make them easier to remember. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Developmental Milestone Domains
1:07 2 - 12 month Milestones
3:35 15 month - 5 years Milestones
6:34 Developmental Milestones Memory Tool
7:53 Developmental Milestones Red Flags
9:37 Management of Developmental Delay

References

1. Geeky Medics. Developmental Milestones. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/developmental-milestones/
2. CHOC Children’s. Ages and Stages. Available at: https://choc.org/ages-stages/
3. MSD Manual Professional. Childhood Development. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/growth-and-development/childhood-development
4. Stanford Medicine. Developmental Milestones – MedU. Available at: https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/pediatricsclerkship/documents/5-Developmental-Milestones-MedU.pdf
5. PedsCases. Developmental Milestones Chart (Updated August 2014). Available at: https://pedscases.com/sites/default/files/SNAPSHOTS_Developmental_Milestones_Chart_UPDATED_Aug_2014.pdf

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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