Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Understanding HIV and AIDS, including HIV virology, epidemiology as well as HIV symptoms (including WHO clinical classification and CDC CD4 count classification). Also covered is diagnosis and treatment including anti retroviral therapy (ART). 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is HIV? 
0:28 HIV Microbiology
1:36 HIV Pathophysiology
2:17 HIV Epidemiology
3:17 HIV Symptoms & Clinical Stages
6:25 HIV Diagnosis
8:00 HIV Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “HIV in adults”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/555
2. Mpiko Ntsekhe, MD, PhD and Jason V. Baker, MD, MSc (2022) - “Cardiovascular Disease Among Persons Living With HIV: New Insights Into Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations in a Global Context”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.057443
3. Virology Research Services (2022) - “The Virus of the Month - HIV”. Available at https://virologyresearchservices.com/2022/09/04/the-virus-of-the-month-hiv/
4. Waymack JR, Sundareshan V. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. [Updated 2023 May 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537293/
5. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. ANNEX 10, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents and children. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/f
6. Virtual Mentor. 2010;12(3):202-206. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.cprl1-1003. Available at https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010-03

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction or Problem Gambling) explained, a very under-recognised condition. Includes the 9 core symptoms and diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gambling Disorder?
0:38 Gambling Disorder Symptoms
1:40 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
2:16 Gambling Disorder Risk Factors
3:12 Gambling Disorder Treatment

References

1. American Psychiatric Association Hector Colon-Rivera, M.D., CMRO, Kavita Fischer M.D., DFAPA (2024) - “What is Gambling Disorder?”. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
2. Menchon JM, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. An overview of gambling disorder: from treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Res. 2018 Apr 9;7:434. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12784.1. PMID: 30090625; PMCID: PMC5893944. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5893944/
3. World Health Organisation (2024) - “Gambling”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gambling
4. Thomas SA, Merkouris SS, Browning CJ, Radermacher H, Feldman S, Enticott J, Jackson AC. The PROblem Gambling RESearch Study (PROGRESS) research protocol: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for problem gambling. BMJ Open. 2015 Nov 24;5(11):e009385. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009385. PMID: 26603250; PMCID: PMC4663416. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4663416/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction (ED), a common problem with multiple underlying causes ranging from organic to psychogenic. Includes these causes in more detail, as well as physiology of erections, diagnosis of erectile dysfunction as well as erectile dysfunction treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Erectile Dysfunction? 
0:17 Erectile Dysfunction Pathophysiology
2:38 Erectile Dysfunction Causes
4:10 Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis 
6:13 Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/213/diagnosis-approach
2. Pranau K. Panchatsharam; Justin Durland; Patrick M. Zito. StatPearls (2023) - “Physiology, Erection”. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513278/
3. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/erectile-dysfunction/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Adhesive Capsulitis, more commonly known as Frozen Shoulder. Includes pathophysiology and risk factors, as well as the different stages (Freezing, Frozen and Thawing). Also includes diagnosis and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Frozen Shoulder?
0:26 Shoulder Anatomy
1:17 Frozen Shoulder Symptoms
3:07 Frozen Shoulder Causes & Pathophysiology
4:00 Frozen Shoulder Diagnosis
5:06 Frozen Shoulder Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Adhesive Capsulitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1043
2. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(5):297-300 “Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management”. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p297.html
3. Physiopedia contributors. Frozen Shoulder [Internet]. Physiopedia, ; 2023 Jun 30, 15:00 UTC [cited 2025 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Frozen_Shoulder&oldid=337801.

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

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Understanding Hodgkin's Lymphoma, featuring pathophysiology and most common symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma, as well as proposed pathophysiology. Includes classification, diagnosis (with Reed Sternberg Cells), and treatment options. 

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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma? 
2:04 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification
3:20 Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
5:00 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Causes & Pathophysiology
6:10 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis 
7:45 Reed-Sternberg Cells
9:10 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging (Lugano and Ann Arbor)
10:05 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treatment


References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487
2. Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645
3. Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/
4. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/
5. Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Understanding Plantar Fasciitis, the most common cause for heel / foot pain. Includes most common causes and risk factors, as well as multiple treatment options for plantar fasciitis.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Plantar Fasciitis?
0:34 Plantar Fasciitis Pathophysiology
1:25 Plantar Fasciitis Symptoms
2:16 Plantar Fasciitis Causes and Risk Factors
3:23 Plantar Fasciitis Diagnosis
4:31 Plantar Fasciitis Treatment


LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

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References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487
2. Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645
3. Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/
4. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/
5. Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) explained, including pathophysiology, subtype and classification and symptoms. Also covers diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome? 
0:20 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Pathophysiology
1:35  Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Symptoms
3:20  Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Causes
4:39 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Diagnosis 
6:50 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Treatment


References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1052/
2. Apoorva Jayarangaiah; Forshing Lui; Pramod Theetha Kariyann - Stat Pearls (2023) - “Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507891/
3. Matthew C. Varon, MD; and Mazen M. Dimachkie, MD - Practical Neurology (2024**) - “**Diagnosis and Treatment of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome“. Available at https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-apr/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Myasthenia Gravis, including pathophysiology and causes. Also features Myasthenia Gravis symptoms (and crisis!), as well as diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Myasthenia Gravis?
0:19 Myasthenia Gravis Pathophysiology
1:38 Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms
3:44 Myasthenia Gravis Causes
4:30 Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosis 
6:15 Myasthenia Gravis Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/238
2. National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/myasthenia-gravis
3. Rubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/myasthenia-gravis
4. Myasthenia Gravis Foundation Of America - “Cautionary Drugs”. Available at https://myasthenia.org/living-with-mg/mg-emergency-preparedness/cautionary-drugs/
5. Phillips, D. W (2016) - “Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms**”.** Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4926737/
6. MyastheniaGravis.Com - Available at https://myasthenia-gravis.com/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Functional Neurological Disorder or FND explained, including common  symptoms, risk factors and diagnostic criteria. Also includes FND treatment as well as distinguishing features from other conditions. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Functional Neurological Disorder? 
0:40 Functional Neurological Disorder Symptoms
1:52 Functional Neurological Disorder Causes and Risk Factors 
3:00 Functional Neurological Disorder Diagnosis 
4:43 Functional Neurological Disorder DSM V Criteria
5:20 Functional Neurological Disorder Treatment 

Links to FND Resources:
https://fndhope.org/
https://neurosymptoms.org/en/

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/989
2. Prof. J. Stone - Neurosymptoms (2021) - Available at https://neurosymptoms.org/en/
3. S. C. Lidstone, R. Araújo, J. Stone, B. R. Bloem (2020) - “Ten myths about functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ene.14310
4. Selma Aybek, David L Perez, **(2022) - “Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o64
5. National Institution of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2024) - “Functional Neurologic Disorder”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, including cases, pathophysiology, main symptoms as well as diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Croup? 
0:32 Croup Pathophysiology
1:08 Croup Symptoms
1:56 Croup Diagnosis
2:34 Croup Treatment

References:

1. Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/croup
2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) - “Croup”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/croup/
3. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/681

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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