Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) explained clearly, including pathophysiology and risk factors, as well  as the diagnostic criteria and treatment options

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea
0:19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology
1:54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Caues (Risk Factors) 
3:01 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms 
4:35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
5:51 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment 

References

1. Jennifer M. Slowik; Abdulghani Sankari; Jacob F. Collen. - Stat Pearls (2022) Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/
2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/215

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A complete summary of Gout, including how people get Gout (Gout pathophysiology), as well as its causes and signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnostic criteria and gout treatment, including diet changes. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gout? 
0:18 Gout Pathophysiology 
1:32 Gout Risk Factors / Causes
3:29 Gout Signs and Symptoms
6:10 Gout Diagnosis
7:35 Gout Treatment

References

1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Gout. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gout/
2. Ardy Fenando; Manjeera Rednam; Rahul Gujarathi; Jason Widrich. - StatPearls (2022) Gout. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/
3. Christina George; Stephen W. Leslie; David A. Minter. - StatPearls (2023) Hyperuricemia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459218/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We cover both Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), including their definitions, causes and pathophysiology. Also includes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and severity scoring, and treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis? 
0:37 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:15 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
3:23 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Diagnosis
4:39 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2022) Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/237
2. Julia Benedetti  MD - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) ****Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-ten

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to reading an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) in 5 clear steps that will increase confidence in ECG interpretation. 

Primary reference recommended for further reading: 
Life In The Fast Lane - https://litfl.com/ecg-library/

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Timestamps:
0:00 ECG – The Basics You Need To Know 
1:13 ECG Interpretation – Details and Settings 
1:44 ECG Interpretation – Axis
3:02 ECG Interpretation – Rate 
4:09 ECG Interpretation – Rhythm 
6:39 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QRS)
8:41 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (ST Segment)
10:09 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (T Waves)
10:58 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QT Interval)
11:42 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (U Waves)
11:54 Flow Chart   
12:18 Important Considerations 

References

1. Life In The Fast Lane - ECG Library. Available at https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
2. ECG Waves - A Systemic Approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/topic/systematic-clinical-ecg-interpretation-review-guide/
3. Oxford Medical Education (2014) ECG (EKG) Interpretation. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/ecgs/ecg-interpretation
4. Thoracic Key (2020) The ECG in healthy people. Available at https://thoracickey.com/the-ecg-in-healthy-people-2/
5. MedSchool - Basics of ECG Interpretation. Available at https://medschool.co/tests/ecg-basics

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at nosebleeds (Epistaxis), including the most common causes and pathophysiology, possible consequences, and epistaxis management including nasal first aid, second line therapies and surgery. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Epistaxis? 
0:13 Epistaxis Pathophysiology
1:01 Epistaxis Causes (Nosebleed Causes) 
2:07 Epistaxis Diagnosis
2:55 Epistaxis Treatment (Nosebleed Treatment Including Nosebleed First Aid) 

References

1. ENT SHO (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://entsho.com/epistaxis
2. Ayesha Tabassom; Julia J. Dahlstrom - Stat Pearls (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/.)

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Wilson's Disease explained (Hepatolenticular Degeneration), including its pathophysiology and genetics, signs and symptoms, diagnosis (with criteria!) and treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Wilson’s Disease
0:21 Wilson’s Disease Pathophysiology
2:06 Wilson’s Disease Symptoms
3:37 Wilson’s Disease Causes
4:07 Wilson’s Disease Diagnosis 
5:46 Wilson’s Disease Criteria (Leipzig Score)
6:20 Wilson’s Disease Treatment 

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Wilson’s Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427/
2. Larry E. Johnson - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Wilson Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/mineral-deficiency-and-toxicity/wilson-disease
3. Gaillard F, Deng F, Weerakkody Y, et al. (2020) Face of the giant panda sign (midbrain). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/face-of-the-giant-panda-sign-midbrain
4. Wu, Fei & Wang, Jing & Pu, Chunwen & Qiao, Liang & Jiang, Chunmeng (2015) Wilson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Copper-is-delivered-by-HCTR1-to-cytosol-where-it-mainly-binds-to-Atox1-Atox1-transfers_fig2_276910514

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to the Lower Limb Neurological Examination, including mnemonics and high yield points.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:49 Inspection
2:01 Tone
3:48 Power
5:29 Reflexes
7:23 Co-Ordination
9:32 Sensation
10:50 Concluding the Examination

References

1. Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
2. Newman, G. - MSD Manual Pro (2023) How to Assess Muscle Strength. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/neurologic-examination/how-to-assess-muscle-strength
3. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) Lower Limb Neurological Examination – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/lower-limb-neurological-examination/
4. M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCPUK (2019) Nervous system examination for PACES. Available at https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
5. Hector A. Gonzalez-Usigli - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Tremor. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/movement-and-cerebellar-disorders/tremor
6. Teach Me Orthopedics (2023 ) The Deep Tendon Or Muscle Stretch Reflexes. ****Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/the-deep-tendon-or-muscle-stretch-reflexes/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) reviewed, including its subtypes, pathophysiology and risk factors. We also look at Multiple Sclerosis symptoms, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. 

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Revised McDonald’s Criteria (2017): https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Sclerosis? 
0:24 Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology
2:37 Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
3:41 Multiple Sclerosis Types
5:24 Multiple Sclerosis Causes and Risk Factors
7:06 Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis
8:00 Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/140
2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/multiple-sclerosis/
3. Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence (2021) Summary of 2017 McDonald Criteria for the Diagnosis of MS. Available at https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf
4. Dawood Tafti (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499849/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to blood gas interpretation (blood gas analysis) in 6 main steps,  including some extra tips.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 What does a blood gas show? 
0:34 Systematic Approach - 1) Details
1:05 Systematic Approach - 2) Partial Pressures
3:05 Systematic Approach - 3) Haemoglobin 
4:09 Systematic Approach - 4) pH -General 
5:30 Systematic Approach - 5) pH - Specific 
7:34 Systematic Approach - 6) pH- Compensation
8:15 Systematic Approach - 7) Lactate 
9:24 Systematic Approach - 8) Electrolytes & Glucose 
9:57 Blood Gas Pearls

References

1. David A. Kaufman - American Thoracic Society Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs). Available at https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/abgs.php
2. Oxford Medical Education (2014) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation for medical students, OSCEs and MRCP PACES. Available at **https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/abgs/abg-interpretation/
3. Gillian Kelly - Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Arterial Blood Gas Analysis. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/
4. Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Anion Gap. Available at https://litfl.com/anion-gap/
5. Scott A Helgeson (2017) Normal carboxyhaemoglobin level in carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2017/bcr-2017-221174
6. SKYLER LENTZ - Emergency Physician Monthly (2019) Blood Gases: ABG vs. VBG. Available at https://epmonthly.com/article/blood-gases-abg-vs-vbg/
7. Yarstev, A - Deranged Physiology (2023) Concentration of total haemoglobin in the ABG sample. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 122/concentration-total-haemoglobin-abg-sample

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at Multiple Myeloma (including MGUS), covering pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma (CRAB criteria). Also includes the diagnostic criteria and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Myeloma?
0:21 Multiple Myeloma Pathophysiology 
1:34 Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
2:57 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms
5:59 Multiple Myeloma Causes & Risk Factors
6:51 Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis
7:11 Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Criteria
7:38 Multiple Myeloma Treatment

References

1. James R. Berenson - **MSD Manual Pro (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/multiple-myeloma
2. Sara A. Albagoush; Cameron Shumway; Alexandre M. Azevedo (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534764
3. International Myeloma Foundation (2021) What Are MGUS, Smoldering Multiple Myeloma, and Active Myeloma? Available at https://www.myeloma.org/what-are-mgus-smm-mm
4. S. Vincent Rajkumar (2022) Smoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-022-00719-0/
5. Sumana Kundu (2022) Multiple Myeloma and Renal Failure: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Available at https://www.cureus.com/articles/86261-multiple-myeloma-and-renal-failure-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management#!/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.