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Sangam Lit episodes

  • Kalithogai 110 – Love that struggles to wait

    In this episode, we perceive a conversation between a lovelorn man and his beloved, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 110, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and presents elements that echo the soul of this land.

    தலைவி
    கடி கொள் இருங் காப்பில் புல்லினத்து ஆயர்
    குடிதொறும் நல்லாரை வேண்டுதி எல்லா!
    இடு தேள் மருந்தோ, நின் வேட்கை? தொடுதரத்
    துன்னி, தந்தாங்கே, நகை குறித்து, எம்மைத்
    திளைத்தற்கு எளியமாக் கண்டை; “அளைக்கு எளியாள்
    வெண்ணெய்க்கும் அன்னள்” எனக் கொண்டாய்

    தலைவன்
    ஒண்ணுதால்!
    ஆங்கு நீ கூறின், அனைத்தாக; நீங்குக
    அச்சத்தான் மாறி, அசைவினான் போத்தந்து,
    நிச்சம் தடுமாறும், மெல் இயல் ஆய்மகள்!
    மத்தம் பிணித்த கயிறு போல், நின் நலம்
    சுற்றிச் சுழலும் என் நெஞ்சு

    விடிந்த பொழுதினும் இல்வயின் போகாது,
    கொடுந் தொழுவினுள் பட்ட கன்றிற்குச் சூழும்
    கடுஞ்சூல் ஆ நாகு போல், நிற் கண்டு, நாளும்,
    நடுங்கு அஞர் உற்றது என் நெஞ்சு

    எவ்வம் மிகுதர, எம் திறத்து, எஞ்ஞான்றும்,
    நெய் கடை பாலின் பயன் யாதும் இன்றாகி,
    கை தோயல் மாத்திரை அல்லது செய்தி
    அறியாது அளித்து என் உயிர்

    தலைவி
    அன்னையோ? மன்றத்துக் கண்டாங்கே, ‘சான்றார் மகளிரை
    இன்றி அமையேன்’ என்று இன்னவும் சொல்லுவாய்;
    நின்றாய்; நீ சென்றீ; எமர் காண்பர்; நாளையும்
    கன்றொடு சேறும் புலத்து.

    Another short conversational verse! The words can be translated as follows:

    “Lady
    Hey you! In all the houses upon the fresh and fragrant vast spaces, where goatherds live, you seek beautiful women! Is your desire like a scorpion’s sting that must be cured immediately? Just because I came close and let you touch me, seeing my smile, you have decided I’m easy to get together with, thinking ‘She readily offers the buttermilk, why won’t she do the same with butter?’!

    Man
    O maiden with a radiant forehead! If that’s what you think about me, let it be so! I will leave. O soft-natured herder girl, with fear, it moves away, but then overcome with desire, it comes near, and akin to rope around a churning rod, around your beauty, twists and turns, this heart of mine!

    Even when it’s daybreak, instead of stepping out, a cow that has delivered its first calf, will remain within, close to its young one in the barn. Akin to that, seeing you, day after day, trembles in torment, this heart of mine!

    As suffering brims over beyond my ability to bear every day, akin to milk that is of no use when it has been used to make butter, without anything else, but the memory of touching you with my hands, pitifully laments this life of mine!

    Lady
    Is that so? Right at the moment you see someone, you declare you cannot be without that woman from a good family, saying all this and stand here waiting. Please go away! My kin will see us. Tomorrow, I will come with the calf to the fields!”

    Time to explore the nuances. The verse is situated in the context of love among workers and these words are exchanged by a herder man and a herder lady. The lady starts the scene by remarking on the man’s desire to be with women, asking if it is a scorpion’s sting that requires immediate attention. She describes how she just came close to him and let him touch her but he seems to have taken it as a license to get together with her. To explain his thought process, she talks about how the man thinks just because he’s got buttermilk easily from her, he’ll get butter too. In their own way, the ancients are talking about the critical concept of consent in intimate relationships.

    Returning, we find the man replying that if that’s how the lady feels, he would leave. But then goes on to pen his state of suffering with three parallels: One, a rope around a churning rod that moves this way and that way, around this herder girl; Two, how a cow that has delivered its first calf won’t leave the side of its young one, even when it’s daybreak and time to go grazing; Three, the useless state of milk after butter has been taken from it, the man connects to his life that pines to be with the lady.

    Hearing all this, the lady asks incredulously how he can want to be with someone the moment he sees them, and that too in the town centre. She tells him one of her kin might see her and leaves with the cryptic message that she would be in the fields the following day with her calf, hinting to the man he may find success in his prospects to be with her if he comes the next day. Beyond the brimming romance in these lines, what’s striking is the stack of similes that etch the various elements of this land. It’s fascinating how the poets root their poems so strongly in a particular domain and create art that is the perfect fusion of love and life in a land!

    6 min
  • Kalithogai 109 – A mesmerising maiden

    In this episode, we listen to a heart’s outpouring, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 109, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and etches the mesmerising beauty of a maiden.

    கார் ஆரப் பெய்த கடி கொள் வியன் புலத்துப்
    பேராது சென்று, பெரும் பதவப் புல் மாந்தி,
    நீர் ஆர் நிழல குடம்சுட்டு இனத்துள்ளும்,
    போர் ஆரா ஏற்றின் பொரு நாகு இளம் பாண்டி
    தேர் ஊர செம்மாந்தது போல் மதைஇனள்

    பேர் ஊரும் சிற்றூரும் கௌவை எடுப்பவள் போல்,
    மோரோடு வந்தாள் தகை கண்டை; யாரோடும்
    சொல்லியாள் அன்றே வனப்பு

    பண்ணித் தமர் தந்து, ஒரு புறம் தைஇய
    கண்ணி எடுக்கல்லாக் கோடு ஏந்து அகல் அல்குல்
    புண் இல்லார் புண்ணாக நோக்கும்; முழு மெய்யும்
    கண்ணளோ? ஆயர் மகள்

    இவள்தான் திருத்தாச் சுமட்டினள், ஏனைத் தோள் வீசி,
    வரிக் கூழ வட்டி தழீஇ, அரிக் குழை
    ஆடல் தகையள்; கழுத்தினும் வாலிது
    நுண்ணிதாத் தோன்றும் நுசுப்பு
    இடை தெரியா ஏஎர் இருவரும் தத்தம்
    உடை வனப்பு எல்லாம் இவட்கு ஈத்தார்கொல்லோ?
    படை இடுவான்மன் கண்டீர், காமன் மடை அடும்
    பாலொடு கோட்டம் புகின்

    இவள் தான், வருந்த நோய் செய்து இறப்பின் அல்லால், மருந்து அல்லள்
    ‘யார்க்கும் அணங்காதல் சான்றாள்’ என்று, ஊர்ப் பெண்டிர்,
    ‘மாங்காய் நறுங் காடி கூட்டுவேம்; யாங்கும்
    எழு நின் கிளையொடு போக’ என்று தத்தம்
    கொழுநரைப் போகாமல் காத்து, முழு நாளும்,
    வாயில் அடைப்ப வரும்.

    After the downpour of long, long songs in this Mullai landscape, a gentle drizzle in this one! The words can be translated as follows:

    “Without leaving the fresh and fragrant wide spaces, where the rains had poured copiously, feeding on the thick and tall scutch grass in the moist shade, along with the herd of cows that yield pots of milk, grazes the war-like, young one of a bull that never ceases fighting. Akin to how this young bull would stride with pride when tied for the first time to a chariot, walks on this young maiden.

    Making all the great towns and little hamlets spread rumours, see how she comes walking, selling buttermilk. It is said that her beauty has no equal!

    On one side, she wears a garland, woven and presented to her by her kin, around her lined and lifted wide hips, destroying even those without desire. It’s not just her eyes that captivate one, her entire form seems to be a collection of eyes, in that herder’s daughter!

    As for her, she places a huge head pad that does not fit, and swaying her arms, holding a basket full of rice, she comes walking, with her dangling earrings dancing. Even more alluring and slender than her neck, appears her slim waist. Have those two heavenly maiden given away all their exquisite beauty to her? If she enters the temple of Kama, the God of love, with a pot of milk as offering, seeing her, he is sure to drop down his bow, stunned!

    She is one who is sure to part away, condemning me with a fatal affliction, but she won’t become the cure! The womenfolk of the town thinking, ‘What a terror she is!’, will decide, ‘Let’s choose tender mango pickle as our side dish’ and tell the maiden, ‘Please leave elsewhere with your kin to sell your wares’ and will prevent their husbands from stepping out, the entire day, by shutting their gates!”

    Let’s delve into the details. The verse is situated, like the previous one, in the context of love between workers, and these words are said by a herder man about a buttermilk-selling young maiden. The man first talks about the gait of this lady, equating it to an element of that land – a young bull, born to a fighter bull, in the moment this bull is tied to a cart and sent out on its first mission. The pride many young people feel when they start to work and the assurance it renders to them is captured in this simile. This young girl too is out on the streets, selling buttermilk, creating an uproar in towns, big and small, the man tell us, adding ‘Oh! That beauty of hers has no equal!’. He describes how a garland she wears around her waist seems to devastate even ascetics who have no desire.

    As one of the things she carries, he talks about a load pad, called as ‘summaadu’, which I have seen women in rural parts of Tamilnadu use till this day. It’s a rolled piece of cloth, used to carry heavy pots and vessels on the head. The man remarks how that doesn’t fit the lady at all, perhaps it’s too big for her, or maybe not fashionable enough! The other thing she’s holding is a basket of rice and this simple object echoes the economics of that era, depicting a barter system of exchanging buttermilk and rice, a transfer of products between the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and the ‘Marutham’ or ‘Farmlands Landscape’.

    The man continues describing the lady’s dangling earrings and then goes on to talk about her slim waist. He mentions two heavenly maiden, whom he names not, but possibly referring to the mythological Urvasi and Ramba, goddesses known for their divine beauty, wondering if they have decided to donate all their beauty to this maiden! In the same vein, he says when this lady enters the temple of the God of love, Kama, to give a pot of milk as offering, the god himself would be so overcome that he would drop his bow in confusion! Jitters to gods themselves – What a maiden! Joking apart, this nugget tells us that the ancient Tamils had built temples to worship the God of Love, and the people had the practice of offering milk to the deity, a tradition which is continued across Tamil nadu to this day, to other Gods in other temples.

    Returning, the man ends with a reaction for the maiden that made me burst out laughing every time I read it. He says this is the reaction that arises in the other married women in that town, who realise what a danger this lady is, and decide they are not going to buy buttermilk from this maiden, thinking it’s better to eat their rice with a dash of mango pickle than having her walking about their streets. Also, as an extra caution, until she’s gone, they decide to lock up their husbands all day within their homes ! A hyperbole to sketch this ancient woman’s allure, no doubt, but the verse also captures vividly a person’s mindset, when in the throes of passion, which makes them see the significant other as someone so beautiful, divine and out of this world! Isn’t that what love is all about?

    9 min
  • Kalithogai 108 – A war of words

    In this episode, we see sparks fly in a couple’s conversation, as conveyed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 108, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and reveals interesting perspectives about work in ancient times.

    தலைவன்
    இகல் வேந்தன் சேனை இறுத்த வாய் போல
    அகல் அல்குல், தோள், கண், என மூவழிப் பெருகி,
    நுதல், அடி, நுசுப்பு, என மூவழிச் சிறுகி,
    கவலையால் காமனும் படை விடு வனப்பினோடு,
    அகலாங்கண் அளை மாறி, அலமந்து, பெயருங்கால்,
    ‘நகை வல்லேன் யான்’ என்று என் உயிரோடு படை தொட்ட
    இகலாட்டி! நின்னை எவன் பிழைத்தேன், எல்லா! யான்?

    தலைவி
    அஃது அவலம் அன்று மன
    ஆயர் எமர் ஆனால், ஆய்த்தியேம் யாம் மிக
    காயாம்பூங் கண்ணிக் கருந் துவர் ஆடையை
    மேயும் நிரை முன்னர்க் கோல் ஊன்றி நின்றாய், ஓர்
    ஆயனை அல்லை; பிறவோ அமரருள்
    ஞாயிற்றுப் புத்தேள் மகன்?

    தலைவன்
    அதனால் வாய்வாளேன்:
    ‘முல்லை முகையும் முருந்தும் நிரைத்தன்ன
    பல்லும் பணைத் தோளும், பேர் அமர் உண்கண்ணும்,
    நல்லேன் யான்’ என்று, நலத்தகை நம்பிய
    சொல்லாட்டி! நின்னொடு சொல் ஆற்றுகிற்பார் யார்?

    தலைவி
    சொல்லாதி!

    தலைவன்
    நின்னைத் தகைத்தனென்!

    தலைவி
    ………………………….. அல்லல் காண்மன்!
    மண்டாத கூறி, மழ குழக்கு ஆகின்றே,
    கண்ட பொழுதே கடவரைப் போல, நீ
    பண்டம் வினாய படிற்றால் தொடீஇய, நிற்
    கொண்டது எவன் எல்லா! யான்?

    தலைவன்
    கொண்டது:
    அளை மாறிப் பெயர்தருவாய், அறிதியோ? அஞ் ஞான்று,
    தளவ மலர் ததைந்தது ஓர் கானச் சிற்றாற்று அயல்,
    இள மாங்காய் போழ்ந்தன்ன கண்ணினால், என் நெஞ்சம்
    களமாக் கொண்டு ஆண்டாய்; ஓர் கள்வியை அல்லையோ?

    தலைவி
    நின் நெஞ்சம் களமாக்கொண்டு யாம் ஆள, எமக்கு எவன் எளிதாகும்?
    புனத்துளான் என்னைக்குப் புகா உய்த்துக் கொடுப்பதோ?
    இனத்துளான் எந்தைக்குக் கலத்தொடு செல்வதோ?
    தினைக் காலுள் யாய் விட்ட கன்று மேய்க்கிற்பதோ?

    தலைவன்
    அனைத்து ஆக
    வெண்ணெய்த் தெழி கேட்கும் அண்மையால், சேய்த்து அன்றி,
    அண்ணணித்து ஊர் ஆயின், நண்பகல் போழ்து ஆயின்,
    கண் நோக்கு ஒழிக்கும் கவின் பெறு பெண் நீர்மை
    மயில் எருத்து வண்ணத்து மாயோய்! மற்று இன்ன
    வெயிலொடு எவன் விரைந்து சேறி? உதுக்காண்:
    பிடி துஞ்சு அன்ன அறை மேல, நுங்கின்
    தடி கண் புரையும் குறுஞ் சுனை ஆடி,
    பனிப் பூந் தளவொடு முல்லை பறித்து,
    தனி காயாந் தண் பொழில், எம்மொடு வைகி,
    பனிப் படச் செல்வாய், நும் ஊர்க்கு

    தலைவி
    இனிச் செல்வேம் யாம்
    மா மருண்டன்ன மழைக் கண் சிற்றாய்த்தியர்
    நீ மருட்டும் சொற்கண் மருள்வார்க்கு உரை அவை:
    ஆ முனியா ஏறு போல், வைகல் பதின்மரைக்
    காமுற்றுச் செல்வாய்; ஓர் கட்குத்திக் கள்வனை;
    நீ எவன் செய்தி பிறர்க்கு?
    யாம் எவன் செய்தும் நினக்கு?

    தலைவன்
    கொலை உண்கண், கூர் எயிற்று, கொய் தளிர் மேனி,
    இனை வனப்பின் மாயோய்! நின்னின் சிறந்தார்
    நில உலகத்து இன்மை தெளி; நீ வருதி;
    மலையொடு மார்பு அமைந்த செல்வன் அடியைத்
    தலையினால் தொட்டு உற்றேன் சூள்

    தலைவி
    ஆங்கு உணரார் நேர்ப; அது பொய்ப்பாய் நீ; ஆயின்
    தேம் கொள் பொருப்பன் சிறுகுடி எம் ஆயர்
    வேந்து ஊட்டு அரவத்து, நின் பெண்டிர் காணாமை,
    காஞ்சித் தாது உக்கன்ன தாது எரு மன்றத்துத்
    தூங்கும் குரவையுள் நின் பெண்டிர் கேளாமை,
    ஆம்பற் குழலால் பயிர் பயிர் எம் படப்பைக்
    காஞ்சிக்கீழ்ச் செய்தேம் குறி

    Finally, we have bid farewell to the bull taming arena, and now, find ourselves taking in the lush spaces of the forest domain. The words can be translated as follows:

    “Man
    Akin to a great king’s army that has laid siege, with your wide loins, arms and eyes that are expansive and forehead, feet and waist that are slender, possessing a beauty that makes even the God of love aim his arrows at you, after selling curd in those far away places, as you move bewitchingly, when you walk on, as if saying, ‘I can kill with my smile’, you seem to shower weapons on my very life, O hostile maiden! What wrong did I do to you, my dear?

    Lady
    What’s wrong in selling curd? My people are herders and I’m a herder woman; As for you, you stand there, leaning on a stick in front of a grazing herd, wearing a dark red attire and a garland of ironwood flowers. But I don’t think you are a herder man! Could you be the godly son of the sun from the heavens?

    Man
    That is why I stand speechless! O maiden, who believes in the greatness of her beauty saying, ‘Having teeth like jasmine buds and palm sprouts neatly placed, bamboo-like arms, wide kohl-streaked eyes, beautiful, I am!’, you are so skilled in words, who can even talk to you?

    Lady
    So, don’t talk!

    Man
    I shall block you from leaving!

    Lady
    Behold my sorry state! Blabbering words like a child, you are throwing a tantrum, and akin to a creditor, who sees one of the debtors and asks questions about all the things they are carrying, so that they can seize them, you are speaking to me. What is that I have taken from you? Tell me please.

    Man
    Don’t you know what you have taken? One day, when returning after selling curd, near a small, wild stream, surrounded by pink jasmine flowers, with your eyes, akin to split tender mangoes, you stole away my heart! Aren’t you that thieving maiden?

    Lady
    What would I gain by stealing your heart and reigning over it? Will it carry food to my brother working in the field? Will it carry a vessel to my father who’s herding? Or will it hold the calf that mother let out amidst the millet stubble and take it grazing?

    Man
    Yes! It can do it all that! O dark-skinned maiden, in the hue of a peacock’s neck, with an arresting feminine nature that prevents others from looking at anything else! You live in a village not far but so close that one can hear their churning of buttermilk here. It’s noon now. Why do you have to hurry there in this hot sun? Look over there! There’s a rock in the shape of a sleeping elephant, with a small cascade, akin to juice gushing out of a palm fruit. After playing in the waterfall, plucking cool pink jasmine flowers and resting with me in the moist shade of the ironwood tree, you can go by evening to your village!

    Lady
    Is that all? I will leave now. To those young herder girls, with rain-like eyes, with a gaze of startled deer, who will melt for your seducing words, go on and say all this! You are one, who goes after ten women a day, akin to a stud bull! You are like a thief, who steals from someone even when they have their eyes wide open! What good have you done for others? And what must I do for you?

    Man
    With killer, kohl-streaked eyes, sharp teeth, tender sprout like skin, you are so beautiful, O dark-skinned maiden! Know that there’s no one better than you in this wide world! Please trust and come near me. Touching the feet of the Great One with a mountain-like chest with my head, I will swear an oath!

    Lady
    Only those who know not about you will come with you; You are sure to falsify that oath; However, I have decided to tryst with you. Such that your other women, in the middle of the uproarious celebrations of the herders in our little village, praising the victory of the King, who rules over the honey-filled mountains, don’t see you, and such that your other women, who are doing the ‘Kuravai’ dance in the town centre, filled with dust of cow dung, akin to the pollen of the Portia tree, don’t hear you, come on then, to the spot below the Portia tree in my village, softly playing the ‘aambal’ flute!”

    Let’s explore the nuances. In all the Sangam ‘Aham’ songs we have seen thus far, there was one memorable exception recently, a conversation between a hunchback and a dwarf. This verse too lies in that exceptional context of love between workers or the supporting characters. These words are exchanged by a curd-selling lady and a herder man.

    The scene begins with the man talking to this lady, remarking about how she seems to be returning after selling curd and milk in faraway places, and mentioning that she seems to be killing him with her perfect beauty. The lady catches hold of his statement about her selling curd, thinking he’s mocking her working role and replies to him saying there’s nothing wrong in selling curd, because I come from a family of cowherds. She adds, ‘You are standing there, in front of a grazing herd, leaning on a stick, but you do not seem like an ordinary herder man. Are the son of the sun himself?’, in a mocking tone. ‘Yes, you are right, that’s why I don’t have the words to speak to you’, he says, and adds that no one can win that lady in the war of words.

    The lady gives him a word punch with ‘So, don’t talk!’ and prepares to leave. The man blocks her from doing so. She wonders what she has gotten herself into and comments on the man’s behaviour, equating him to a stubborn child and a creditor who asks a debtor many questions about what he’s carrying so that he may recover his loan, and she connects by asking the man what she has taken from him. To this, the man replies that one day, when returning from selling curd, she stole his heart near a little stream, implying their prior relationship. The lady answers this by asking what use is his heart wondering whether it can carry food to her brother, working in the fields, or go give a vessel to her father, herding cattle, or take the calf mother sent out, grazing amidst the millet stubble, conveying to us, all the tasks that she does for her family, in addition to selling curd.

    The man responds with ‘Sure, but forget all that and answer me this. Your village is so close that I can hear them churning the buttermilk right here. It’s noon and so hot! Why don’t we go play in the little cascade nearby, pluck some flowers and rest in the shade of the tree. Then, you can go home in the evening’. Brimming with ideas, our boy here! The lady responds saying, other naive herder girls may fall for these words, but not her, making us understand that she is mad at him, because she suspects that he has been with other maiden. In fact, she calls him a mating bull, which never tires of the cows, for he seems to want ten women a day. Fireworks in her eyes, no doubt! To this, the man replies, ‘Don’t you think that way! There’s no one like you. I’ll swear on the God with a mountain-like chest!’. The lady responds saying ‘Truly only foolish people will trust in your words. You are sure to lie’. But at this moment, she seems to have a change of heart and tells him that she has decided to tryst with him, and mentions a spot near a Portia tree in her village, and asks him to come playing softly on a flute, making sure his other maiden don’t hear or see him, amidst their Kuravai dance and celebration of their king, revealing once again her suspicions about the man’s courting other maiden. An interesting conversation that sheds subtle light on this woman of the past and the pride she took in her work of selling curd and helping her family. A hurrah for this ancient ancestor, who seems to have lived life, not pining for a man but going about and doing her work with independence and confidence!

    14 min
  • Kalithogai 107 – On garlands and good news

    In this episode, we listen to an amusing conversation, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 107, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and paints both the confusion and the relief in the mind of a lady.

    தலைவி
    எல்லா! இஃதொன்று கூறு – குறும்பு இவர்
    புல்லினத் தார்க்கும், குடம் சுட்டவர்க்கும், எம்
    கொல் ஏறு கோடல் குறை எனக் கோவினத்தார்
    பல் ஏறு பெய்தார் தொழூஉ

    தொழுவத்து,
    சில்லைச் செவி மறைக் கொண்டவன் சென்னிக் குவி முல்லை
    கோட்டம் காழ் கோட்டின் எடுத்துக்கொண்டு ஆட்டிய
    ஏழை இரும்புகர் பொங்க, அப் பூ வந்து என்
    கூழையுள் வீழ்ந்தன்று மன்
    அதனைக் கெடுத்தது பெற்றார் போல் கொண்டு யான் முடித்தது,
    கேட்டனள் என்பவோ யாய்?
    இஃதொன்று கூறு

    தோழி
    கேட்டால் எவன் செய்ய வேண்டுமோ? மற்றிகா
    அவன் கண்ணி அன்றோ அது?

    தலைவி
    பெய் போது அறியாத் தன் கூழையுள் ஏதிலான்
    கை புனை கண்ணி முடித்தாள் என்று யாய் கேட்பின்
    செய்வது இல் ஆகுமோ மற்று?
    இஃதொன்று கூறு

    தோழி
    எல்லாத் தவறும் அறும்;

    தலைவி
    ஓஒ அஃது அறும் ஆறுமாறு?

    தோழி
    ஆயர் மகன் ஆயின், ஆயமகள் நீ ஆயின்,
    நின் வெய்யன் ஆயின், அவன் வெய்யை நீ ஆயின்,
    அன்னை நோதக்கதோ இல்லை மன்; ……..

    தலைவி
    ………………………………. நின் நெஞ்சம்
    அன்னை நெஞ்சு ஆகப் பெறின்!

    தோழி
    அன்னையோ!
    ஆயர் மகனையும் காதலை கைம்மிக,
    ஞாயையும் அஞ்சுதி ஆயின், அரிது அரோ,
    நீ உற்ற நோய்க்கு மருந்து

    தலைவி
    மருந்து இன்று யான் உற்ற துயர் ஆயின், எல்லா!
    வருந்துவேன் அல்லனோ யான்?

    தோழி
    வருந்தாதி!
    மண்ணி மாசற்ற நின் கூழையுள் ஏறு அவன்,
    கண்ணி தந்திட்டது எனக் கேட்டுத் ‘திண்ணிதாத்
    தெய்வ மால் காட்டிற்று இவட்கு’ என, நின்னை அப்
    பொய் இல் பொதுவற்கு கொடை சூழ்ந்தார் தந்தையோடு
    ஐயன்மார் எல்லாம் ஒருங்கு.

    After those long, long songs on bull taming, we witness one in a light, conversational style! The words can be translated as follows:

    “Lady
    Hey dear! Wish to speak to you about something: To goatherds, who rove the mountain villages, and the cowherds, who gather pots of milk, the cattle owners announced, ‘Our killer bulls are ready for the fight’, and let in many bulls into the arena.

    In that arena, as a man captured a bull by its ears, marked with dots, the wild jasmine flowers on his curving head garland got caught in the horns of the bull. Shaking it, when the poor huge tawny bull leaped, those flowers flew and fell near my tresses! I picked it up instantly like one who had found a long lost thing, and tied it tightly. Won’t mother ask about it? Tell me what to do!

    Confidante
    Isn’t it his garland? What do think we should do?

    Lady
    If mother sees my tresses, which had not any flowers, and notices that I have tied the well-etched garland of a stranger, won’t she be furious? Isn’t there anything we can do? Please tell me!

    Confidante
    All that’s worrying you will soon end.

    Lady
    Oh! In what way, will it end?

    Confidante
    He’s a herder’s son and you are a herder’s daughter. You love him and he loves you. What is there for mother to lament about?

    Lady
    How I wish your heart was mother’s heart!

    Confidante
    Is that so? Your love for that herder’s son brims over. At the same time, you fear mother. If that’s the case, isn’t it hard to find a cure for your affliction?

    Lady
    If my sorrow has no cure, my dear friend, won’t I suffer so much?

    Confidante
    Don’t you worry! Hearing that the bull threw his garland on your flawless, perfect tresses, your father and brothers have together declared that it’s a crystal clear sign from the gods and have decided to offer you in marriage to that honest herder!”

    Time to delve into the details. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming and its significance in the married life of the man and lady and these words are exchanged between the lady and her confidante. The lady starts by narrating an incident that happened in the midst of the bull taming festivities. Without going into lengthy discussions on all the bulls and players, the lady zooms on to one particular herder, who’s holding a tawny bull by its ears, and just then, his wild jasmine garland gets caught in the horns of the said bull. The bull twists and turns to shake him off, and in the process, the garland flies and falls near her, says the lady. She describes how she grabbed it, like a person who had lost something long ago and has found it. She seems to have tied it tightly in her tresses. With much worry, the lady asks her confidante what will mother say if she sees this. The confidante decides to play with the lady and says, ‘Why what have you got to worry about?’. The lady replies that mother knows I went with no flowers in my tresses and now I return wearing the garland of a stranger, and won’t this make her mad. The confidante cryptically answers that whatever the lady is worrying about will be no consequence. Hearing this, the lady presses her, asking how will that happen. Quite logically, the confidante says you both belong to the tribe of herders and you both are in love. When that’s true, why should mother crib about this?, she asks. The lady replies, ‘Oh my goodness, I wish mother had your good heart!’. To this, the confidante laughingly remarks to the lady saying there’s so much love in you for your man, and so much fear for mother. If this is the case, where can we go for the cure. The lady, with a sad face, asks whether this fate of suffering is to be hers. That’s the cue for the confidante to stop her teasing and give the lady the good news that the lady’s family have accepted the man, hearing that the bull threw his garland to their girl, taking it as a sign from the gods! An adorable conversation that not only reveals facets about sport, faith, love and marriage of the ancients but also highlights the warmth and joy that unfolds, when two girl friends have a heart to heart conversation, then or now!

    8 min
  • Kalithogai 106 – Courage in the everyday

    In this episode, we perceive the practical aspects of bull taming, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 106, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and reveals the value of courage in a man, as seen from the eyes of their beloved maiden.

    ஏறு கோடல்
    கழுவொடு சுடு படை சுருக்கிய தோற்கண்,
    இமிழ் இசை மண்டை உறியொடு, தூக்கி,
    ஒழுகிய கொன்றைத் தீம் குழல் முரற்சியர்,
    வழூஉச் சொற் கோவலர், தத்தம் இன நிரை
    பொழுதொடு தோன்றிய கார் நனை வியன் புலத்தார்

    அவ்வழி,
    நீறு எடுப்பவை, நிலம் சாடுபவை,
    மாறு ஏற்றுச் சிலைப்பவை, மண்டிப் பாய்பவையாய்
    துளங்கு இமில் நல் ஏற்றினம் பல களம் புகும்
    மள்ளர் வனப்பு ஒத்தன

    தாக்குபு தம்முள் பெயர்த்து ஒற்றி, எவ் வாயும்,
    வை வாய் மருப்பினான் மாறாது குத்தலின்,
    மெய் வார் குருதிய ஏறு எல்லாம் பெய் காலைக்
    கொண்டல் நிரை ஒத்தன

    அவ் ஏற்றை,
    பிரிவு கொண்டு, இடைப் போக்கி, இனத்தோடு புனத்து ஏற்றி,
    இரு திறனா நீக்கும் பொதுவர்
    உரு கெழு மா நிலம் இயற்றுவான்
    விரி திரை நீக்குவான் வியன் குறிப்பு ஒத்தனர்

    அவரை, கழல உழக்கி, எதிர் சென்று சாடி,
    அழல் வாய் மருப்பினால் குத்தி, உழலை
    மரத்தைப் போல் தொட்டன ஏறு

    தொட்ட தம் புண் வார் குருதியால் கை பிசைந்து, மெய் திமிரி,
    தங்கார் பொதுவர் கடலுள் பரதவர்
    அம்பி ஊர்ந்தாங்கு, ஊர்ந்தார் ஏறு

    ஏறு தம், கோலம் செய் மருப்பினால் தோண்டிய வரிக் குடர்
    ஞாலம் கொண்டு எழூஉம் பருந்தின் வாய் வழீஇ,
    ஆலும் கடம்பும் அணிமார் விலங்கிட்ட
    மாலை போல் தூங்கும் சினை

    குரவை ஆடுதல்
    ஆங்கு,
    தம் புல ஏறு பரத்தர உய்த்த தம்
    அன்பு உறு காதலர் கை பிணைந்து, ஆய்ச்சியர்
    இன்புற்று அயர்வர் தழூஉ

    முயங்கிப் பொதிவேம்; முயங்கிப் பொதிவேம்;
    முலை வேதின் ஒற்றி, முயங்கிப் பொதிவேம்
    கொலை ஏறு சாடிய புண்ணை எம் கேளே!

    பல் ஊழ் தயிர் கடையத் தாஅய புள்ளி மேல்
    கொல் ஏறு கொண்டான் குருதி மயக்குறப்
    புல்லல் எம் தோளிற்கு அணியோ? எம் கேளே!

    ஆங்கு, போர் ஏற்று அருந் தலை அஞ்சலும், ஆய்ச்சியர்
    காரிகைத் தோள் காமுறுதலும், இவ் இரண்டும்
    ஓராங்குச் சேறல் இலவோ? எம் கேளே!

    ‘கொல் ஏறு கொண்டான், இவள் கேள்வன்’ என்று, ஊரார்
    சொல்லும் சொல் கேளா, அளை மாறி யாம் வரும்
    செல்வம் எம் கேள்வன் தருமோ? எம் கேளே

    தென்னன் வாழ்க பாடுதல்
    ஆங்க,
    அருந் தலை ஏற்றொடு காதலர்ப் பேணி,
    சுரும்பு இமிர் கானம் நாம் பாடினம் பரவுதும்
    ஏற்றவர் புலம் கெடத் திறை கொண்டு,
    மாற்றாரைக் கடக்க, எம் மறம் கெழு கோவே!

    A song that’s different from the previous series of bull taming verses in a significant way. The words can be translated as follows:

    “Bull Taming
    Along with the cattle prod, a kindling stick is tied within a draw-string leather bag and food bowls that bang against each other hang on the hoops. Carrying all this and playing on the sweet flute, made from a long and dried-up pod of the golden shower tree, the herders known for their quirky diction, walked on to the wide forest spaces, moistened by the seasonal rains, along with their herds of cattle.

    In that place, some bulls that were used to stirring up the dust, muddied the moistened ground now, some bellowed with hostility and some crouched to pounce on their opponents. Those sturdy bulls with radiant humps appeared with the handsome quality of warriors entering the battlefield.

    They attacked each other and pushed them apart, and since sharp horns had pierced ceaselessly, the blood that poured from their bodies made the bulls resemble a gathering of clouds, pouring with rain.

    The herders there, who separated those bulls, created spaces in between, moved them to the meadows into two groups, appeared akin to the One, who created the vast and expansive land with immense thoughtfulness by separating the roaring waves.

    In that process, the bulls scattered the herders by pouncing from behind, attacking them from the front, stabbing them with their fire-like horns and made the herders appear like wooden doors with holes in them. Rubbing away the pouring blood from the wounds made by these piercing bulls, shaking their bodies, the herders keep moving, akin to fishermen riding their boats in the seas. The lined intestines pulled out by the well-adorned horns of the bulls are carried away by birds of prey in the sky. The image of those intestines hanging from the bird’s mouth appears akin to a branch on which hangs a glowing garland, left there to adorn the spirits residing in the banyan and the burflower!

    Kuravai Dancing:
    And so, holding the hands of their lovers after they have left the bulls to graze in the meadows, the maiden dance together with them, embracing with joy.

    “All those wounds on my beloved made by those killer bulls, with an embrace, let me bury; with an embrace, let me bury; Caressing with the warmth of my bosom, with an embrace, let me bury! My love’s wounds!

    On those spots that have spread on my arms when churning the curd, when the blood of the one who tamed the bull fuses together as we embrace, doesn’t that adorn my arms so? My love’s embrace!

    And so, fearing the frightening head of the battling bull and desiring the picturesque arms of a herder maiden never ever go together, would they? Oh my love!

    Won’t my love render me much more wealth than I earn by selling curd, when I hear the townsfolk praise him saying, ‘Her lover tamed a killer bull’? Oh my love!

    Praising the King:
    And so, guarding our beloved and the precious bulls, let’s sing and pray to the bee-buzzing forest, wishing that our courageous king gathers tributes, ruining the land of his opponents, and conquers his enemies forever and ever!”

    Time to explore the nuances. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming and its relevance to winning the hand of a maiden and these words are rendered by a narrator, depicting the events and conversations that unfold in this landscape. First, we perceive the objects that are carried by a herder in the forests, and these are, as expected, a cattle prod, to keep those animals in check, a kindling stick for those freezing evenings, and then, food bowls to make a meal on the go. Food for the stomach taken care of, but what about the food for the soul? For this, these clever herders turn the dried-up pods of the golden shower tree into flutes rendering sweet music. The scene changes and now we see these herders walking with their cattle towards the moistened grounds of the forest. Then, we hear an account of the bulls getting into a fierce fight with each other, appearing like some warriors in the field. As they gore the bodies of each other, they seem to look like clouds, pouring with rain. Now, the herders intervene and try to push the cattle apart, separate the fighting groups, and this is connected to the interesting simile of a creator, who decides to carve land amidst the roaring seas and pushes apart the waves. Even though there’s a creator myth in this belief, what I liked about it was the understanding that the oceans preceded land in the timeline of the world. Now, the bulls are mad at the herders and pounce at them with rage, piercing them with their horns, but the herders don’t seem to mind it at all, and rubbing away the blood pouring from their wounds, they keep walking on, with their cattle, appearing like fishermen in a boat, riding on the sea. A gory image of intestines pulled out from the men and picked up by an eagle or a vulture is connected to a divine element – a garland placed on trees like the banyan and the burflower, which we have read in an earlier verse that the bull tamers pray to!

    After summing those scenes of bull taming, the narrator moves on to give an account of the Kuravai dance of maiden and the content of their songs. The maiden vow to heal the wounds of their men, who have bravely defended against the bulls, with the warmth of their embraces. They delight in the fusing of the white spots on their forms, which has appeared owing to their churning of curd, an important occupation for women of this landscape, and the blood gushing from the bull tamers. There’s no way love for a herder daughter and fear for a bull can go hand in hand, they declare. The dancers also talk about how the greatest wealth for a herder woman is to hear the townsfolk praise her beloved for his prowess in taming a bull. Finally, the maiden end their dance by pledging to protect their bulls and their men, and praying to the forest, wishing for their king’s forever victory!

    The striking aspect of this verse is in the fact that the bull taming happens in the real world. As we saw in the beginning, the skills of the men in controlling those bulls was not just for sport or to win the hand of their beloved maiden, this was something much-needed in their everyday life. Not only for glory or love, do these men dare to fight the bulls but for their very livelihood! Wouldn’t it be the right thing if exams and education in the modern era, rather than testing memory or recall, trains the students for exactly what they need in their lives, like our ancient ancestors in that wild arena?

    11 min
  • Kalithogai 105 – Victory in an arena

    In this episode, we perceive conflict and triumph in a bull taming arena, as depicted in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 105, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and reveals happy tidings in the lady’s life.

    தோழி
    ‘அரைசுபடக் கடந்துஅட்டு ஆற்றின் தந்த
    முரைசுகெழு முது குடி முரண்மிகு செல்வற்குச்
    சீர் மிகு சிறப்பினோன் தொல் குடிக்கு உரித்து எனப்
    பார் வளர் முத்தமொடு படு கடல் பயந்த
    ஆர் கலி உவகையர் ஒருங்கு உடன் கூடித்
    தீது இன்று பொலிக என தெய்வக் கடி அயர்மார்,
    வீவு இல் குடிப் பின் இருங்குடி ஆயரும்,
    தா இல் உள்ளமொடு துவன்றி ஆய்பு உடன்

    வள் உருள் நேமியான் வாய் வைத்த வளை போலத்
    தெள்ளிதின் விளங்கும் சுரி நெற்றிக் காரியும்,
    ஒரு குழையவன் மார்பில் ஒள் தார் போல் ஒளி மிகப்
    பொரு அறப் பொருந்திய செம் மறு வெள்ளையும்,
    பெரும் பெயர் கணிச்சியோன் மணி மிடற்று அணி போல
    இரும் பிணர் எருத்தின் ஏந்து இமில் குராலும்,
    அணங்கு உடை வச்சிரத்தோன் ஆயிரம் கண் ஏய்க்கும்
    கணம் கொள் பல் பொறிக் கடும் சினப் புகரும்,
    வேல்வலான் உடைத் தாழ்ந்த விளங்கு வெண்துகில் ஏய்ப்ப
    வாலிது கிளர்ந்த வெண்கால் சேயும்,
    கால முன்பின் பிறவும் சால
    மடங்கலும் கணிச்சியும் காலனும் கூற்றும்,
    தொடர்ந்து செல் அமையத்து துவன்று உயிர் உணீஇய
    உடங்கு கொட்பன போல் புகுத்தனர் தொழூஉ

    அவ்வழி,
    கார் எதிர் கலி ஒலி கடி இடி உருமின் இயம் கறங்க,
    ஊர்பு எழு கிளர்பு உளர் புயல் மங்குலின் நறை பொங்க,
    நேர் இதழ் நிரை நிரை நெறி வெறிக் கோதையர் அணி நிற்பச்
    சீர் கெழு சிலை நிலைச் செயிர் இகல் மிகுதியின், சினப் பொதுவர்
    தூர்பு எழு துதை புதை துகள் விசும்பு உற எய்த
    ஆர்பு உடன் பாய்ந்தார் அகத்து

    மருப்பில் கொண்டும், மார்பு உற தழீஇயும்,
    எருத்து இடை அடங்கியும், இமில் இறப் புல்லியும்,
    தோள் இடைப் புகுதந்தும், துதைந்து பாடு ஏற்றும்,
    நிரைபு மேல் சென்றாரை நீள் மருப்பு உறச் சாடிக்
    கொள இடம் கொள விடா நிறுத்தன ஏறு

    கொள்வாரைக் கொள்வாரைக் கோட்டுவாய் சாக் குத்திக்
    கொள்வார் பெறாஅக் குரூஉச் செகில் காணிகா
    செயிரின் குறை நாளால் பின் சென்று சாடி
    உயிர் உண்ணும் கூற்றமும் போன்ம்

    பாடு ஏற்றவரைப் படக் குத்திச் செங்காரிக்
    கோடு எழுந்து ஆடும் கண மணி காணிகா
    நகை சால் அவிழ்பதம் நோக்கி நறவின்
    முகை சூழும் தும்பியும் போன்ம்

    இடைப் பாய்ந்து எருத்தத்துக் கொண்டானோடு எய்தி
    மிடைப் பாயும் வெள் ஏறு கண்டைகா,
    வாள் பொரு வானத்து அரவின் வாய் கோட்பட்டுப்
    போதரும் பால் மதியும் போன்ம்

    ஆங்க ஏறும் பொதுவரும் மாறுற்று மாறா
    இரு பெரு வேந்தரும் இகலி கண்ணுற்ற
    பொரு களம் போலும் தொழூஉ

    தோழி தன்னிடம்
    வெல் புகழ் உயர்நிலைத் தொல் இயல் துதை புதை துளங்கு இமில்
    நல் ஏறு கொண்ட பொதுவன் முகன் நோக்கிப்
    பாடு இல ஆயமகள் கண்

    தோழி தலைவியிடம்
    நறு நுதால்! என் கொல் ஐங்கூந்தல் உளரச்
    சிறு முல்லை நாறியதற்கு குறு மறுகி,
    ஒல்லாது உடன்று எமர் செய்தார் அவன் கொண்ட
    கொல் ஏறு போலும் கதம்?

    நெட்டிரும் கூந்தலாய்! கண்டை, இஃது ஓர் சொல்
    கோட்டு இனத்து ஆயர் மகனொடு யாம் பட்டதற்கு
    எம் கண் எமரோ பொறுப்பர்; பொறாதார்
    தம் கண் பொடிவது எவன்?

    தலைவி
    ஒண்ணுதால்!
    இன்ன உவகை பிறிது யாது யாய் என்னைக்
    கண் உடைக் கோலள் அலைத்ததற்கு, என்னை
    மலர் அணி கண்ணிப் பொதுவனோடு எண்ணி,
    அலர் செய்துவிட்டது இவ் ஊர்?

    ஒன்றிப் புகர் இனத்து ஆயமகற்கு, ஒள் இழாய்!
    இன்று எவன் என்னை எமர் கொடுப்பது, அன்று அவன்
    மிக்குத் தன் மேல் சென்ற செங்காரிக் கோட்டு இடைப்
    புக்கக்கால் புக்கது என் நெஞ்சு?

    தோழி
    என,
    பாடு இமிழ் பரப்பு அகத்து அரவணை அசைஇய
    ஆடு கொள் நேமியான் பரவுதும், ‘நாடு கொண்டு
    இன் இசை முரசின் பொருப்பன், மன்னி
    அமைவரல் அருவி ஆர்க்கும்
    இமையத்து உம்பரும் விளங்குக’ எனவே.

    The march of the bulls and the herders continues on. The words can be translated as follows:

    “‘Winning over kings many and claiming their treasures as per tradition, with roaring drums, rules the prosperous and strong king from an ancient clan. Let the pearls that thrive in his land and all the riches endowed by the roaring seas come together with joy and flourish forever, without any adversity’ – Wishing so, those people from the huge tribe of herdsmen, descendants of that undying clan, pray and surrender to God, with flawless hearts, seeking with much fervour.

    Akin to the conch that the One with the powerful discus places on his mouth, glows the white whorl on the forehead of the black bull;
    Akin to the radiant and matchless garland on the One with a single earring, appears the red spot on the white bull;
    Akin to the beautiful, sapphire-hued neck of the Famous One with an axe, is the dark and coarse neck of the tawny bull with an uplifted hump;
    Akin to the thousand eyes of the furious One with a thunderbolt, appear the numerous spots on the brown bull with much fury;
    Akin to the white attire that hangs low on the One, skilled with the spear, are the white legs of the red bull;
    And many such bulls, with the strength of Death, were let inside the arena, appearing akin to Fire, Axe, Fate and Death that follow one after the other continuously, intending to devour lives at the end of time!

    In that place, as drums roared, akin to uproarious and resounding thunder in the downpour of the rainy season; as incense soared, akin to clouds that rise and rove on the high skies; as maiden stood beautifully, wearing fragrant garlands filled with perfect rows of flowers; the furious young herdsmen, filled with much courage, shouting uproariously, making the dust rise, hiding the close forms within, pounced inside the arena, with much gusto!

    Holding on to the horns, embracing with their chests, pressing against the necks, bending the humps, letting the bulls enter between their arms, standing close together, they accepted the danger. As for the bulls, they attacked those who came close to them by piercing with their horns and gave no way for the men to hold on to them.

    Behold that red bull that stabs to death, whoever tries to seize it, and stands with no one to capture it, akin to Death that chases with rage at the end of one’s days and devours life!

    Behold the thick bells, dancing above the horns of the red-black bull that gores who dares to come before it, looking like honeybees that surround a bright flower, waiting for the time the flower open its buds, to savour the honey!

    Behold the white bull that pounces high to the platform to shake off the man, who leaped in-between and holds on to its neck, appearing akin to the milky moon that moves in the white sky, when caught in the mouth of the snake!

    And so, the arena, where the bulls and herders face and fight again and again, appears akin to a battlefield, where two great kings clash with much rage!

    Confidante (To herself)
    The eyes of this herder’s daughter move not away from the face of that herder, born in ancient clan, and who has risen with his victory, as he captures the shining hump of the fine bull, amidst the shrouding dust of the arena.

    Confidante(To Lady)
    O maiden with a fragrant forehead! When drying your thick and beautiful tresses, sensing that it smelt of a little jasmine, didn’t our kin become bewildered and act with much fury, akin to the bull that he has seized. Why was that so?

    O maiden with flowing tresses! There’s another thing too! Our kin may accept that you were together with the son of the herders of the horned buffalo, but those others with disapproving eyes won’t ever accept it. Why is that so?

    Lady
    O maiden with a shining forehead! When mother spoke with anger to me, her eyes like a beating stick, this town spread slander about me and the herder wearing a beautiful head garland. What could bring more joy to me?

    Won’t our kin offer my hand to the son of herders with tawny bulls many today, for didn’t he leap with courage between the horns of the red-black bull that pounced on him, making my heart leap along to him?

    Confidante
    And so, praying to the One, with a victorious discus, lying on the bed of a snake in the middle of the roaring seas, wishing that the fame of the great king with resounding drums, who wins over lands many, echo even beyond the cascade-echoing mountains of the Himalayas!”

    Time to delve into the nuances. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming to win the hand of a beloved and the words are spoken by the confidante and the lady. The confidante starts with an account of how the herders start their festivities by wishing well for their king from the dynasty identified by the pearls that abound in their land, referring to the Pandya Kings of the South, the ruler of the three seas. Then, as in the previous verse, the worthy opponents in the bull taming are introduced. The bulls are identified by a certain physical feature and connecting that with the accessory of Gods or mythological characters such as Thirumaal, Balaraman, Siva, Indiran and Murugan. The way the bulls enter the arena appears as if they are the various elements of Death that follow one after the other and strike a person at the end of their life. The sounds and scene of the arena that we have become much familiar with, are presented here. We have drums roaring, incense spreading, maiden watching and the men gearing up! The struggle between the equally placed bulls and men is highlighted, and then the confidante calls attention to the different coloured bulls and sketches their actions in that arena, connecting to similes in mythology or nature, and she concludes by depicting the arena like a battlefield, where two powerful and great kings are clashing.

    From these generic scenes, the confidante turns to the personal and notes how the lady’s eyes are not moving away from one man, who happens to be taming a bull. She then asks the lady about certain events that happened a while ago, about how the lady’s kin suspected the lady when her tresses smelt of jasmines. Innocently, she asks why that was so, and as if answering that question herself, she talks about how the lady’s kin would accept the lady’s relationship with the man but not those townsfolk, who spread slander. The lady replies to this saying that she’s happy indeed for that slander connecting her to the man, because the man had succeeded in taming the great red bull and her kin would have no objection to marrying her to the man, to whom her heart belonged. The confidante concludes as custom by praying that the fame of the Pandya King resounds even beyond the northern ranges of the Himalayas! And thus, we note how the public becomes the personal in this verse that brings out the events of a bull taming arena and the emotions in the heart of a lady, who triumphs in love, as her man triumphs over a bull!

    13 min
  • Kalithogai 104 – Soaring above slander

    In this episode, we listen to a detailed account of bull taming events, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 104, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and echoes a lady’s pride in her beloved’s conquest in the arena.

    மலி திரை ஊர்ந்து தன் மண் கடல் வௌவலின்,
    மெலிவு இன்றி, மேல் சென்று, மேவார் நாடு இடம்பட,
    புலியொடு வில் நீக்கி, புகழ் பொறித்த கிளர் கெண்டை,
    வலியினான் வணக்கிய, வாடாச் சீர்த் தென்னவன்
    தொல் இசை நட்ட குடியொடு தோன்றிய
    நல் இனத்து ஆயர், ஒருங்கு தொக்கு எல்லாரும்

    வான் உற ஓங்கிய வயங்கு ஒளிர் பனைக்கொடிப்
    பால் நிற வண்ணன் போல் பழி தீர்ந்த வெள்ளையும்,
    பொரு முரண் மேம்பட்ட பொலம் புனை புகழ் நேமித்
    திரு மறு மார்பன் போல் திறல் சான்ற காரியும்,
    மிக்கு ஒளிர் தாழ் சடை மேவரும் பிறை நுதல்
    முக்கண்ணான் உருவே போல் முரண் மிகு குராலும்,
    மா கடல் கலக்குற மா கொன்ற மடங்காப் போர்
    வேல் வல்லான் நிறனே போல் வெரு வந்த சேயும், ஆங்கு அப்
    பொரு வரும் பண்பினவ்வையும், பிறவும்
    உருவப் பல் கொண்மூக் குழீஇயவை போல
    புரிபு புரிபு புகுத்தனர், தொழூஉ

    அவ் வழி, ‘முள் எயிற்று ஏஎர் இவளைப் பெறும், இது ஓர்
    வெள் ஏற்று எருத்து அடங்குவான்
    ஒள்ளிழை வாருறு கூந்தல் துயில் பெறும், வை மருப்பின்
    காரி கதன் அஞ்சான் கொள்பவன் ஈர் அரி
    வெரூஉப் பிணை மான் நோக்கின் நல்லாட் பெறூஉம், இக்
    குரூஉக் கண் கொலை ஏறு கொள்வான். வரிக் குழை
    வேய் உறழ் மென் தோள் துயில் பெறும், வெந் துப்பின்
    சேஎய் சினன் அஞ்சான் சார்பவன்’ என்று ஆங்கு
    அறைவனர், நல்லாரை, ஆயர் முறையினால்
    நாள்மீன் வாய் சூழ்ந்த மதி போல், மிடைமிசைப்
    பேணி நிறுத்தார் அணி

    அவ் வழி, பறை எழுந்து இசைப்ப, பல்லவர் ஆர்ப்ப,
    குறையா மைந்தர் கோள் எதிர் எடுத்த
    நறை வலம் செய விடா இறுத்தன ஏறு

    அவ் ஏற்றின்
    மேல் நிலை மிகல் இகலின், மிடை கழிபு இழிபு, மேற்சென்று,
    வேல் நுதி புரை விறல் திறன் நுதி மருப்பின் மாறு அஞ்சான்,
    பால் நிற வெள்ளை எருத்தத்துப் பாய்ந்தானை
    நோனாது குத்தும் இளங் காரித் தோற்றம் காண்
    பால் மதி சேர்ந்த அரவினைக் கோள் விடுக்கும்
    நீல் நிற வண்ணனும் போன்ம்

    இரிபு எழுபு அதிர்பு அதிர்பு இகந்து உடன் பலர் நீங்க,
    வரி பரிபு இறுபு இறுபு குடர் சோரக் குத்தி, தன்
    கோடு அழியக் கொண்டானை ஆட்டித் திரிபு உழக்கும்
    வாடா வெகுளி எழில் ஏறு கண்டை, இஃது ஒன்று
    வெரு வரு தூமம் எடுப்ப, வெகுண்டு
    திரிதரும் கொல் களிறும் போன்ம்

    தாள் எழு துணி பிணி இசை தவிர்பு இன்றித் தலைச் சென்று,
    தோள் வலி துணி பிணி, துறந்து இறந்து எய்தி, மெய் சாய்ந்து,
    கோள் வழுக்கித் தன் முன்னர் வீழ்ந்தான்மேல் செல்லாது,
    மீளும் புகர் ஏற்றுத் தோற்றம் காண் மண்டு அமருள்
    வாள் அகப்பட்டானை, ‘ஒவ்வான்’ எனப் பெயரும்
    மீளி மறவனும் போன்ம்

    ஆங்க, செறுத்து அறுத்து உழக்கி ஏற்று எதிர் நிற்ப,
    மறுத்து மறுத்து மைந்தர் சார,
    தடி குறை இறுபு இறுபு தாயின கிடப்ப,
    இடி உறழ் இசையின் இயம் எழுந்து ஆர்ப்ப
    பாடு ஏற்றுக் கொள்பவர், பாய்ந்து மேல் ஊர்பவர்,
    கோடு இடை நுழைபவர், கோள் சாற்றுபவரொடு
    புரிபு மேல் சென்ற நூற்றுவர் மடங்க,
    வரி புனை வல்வில் ஐவர் அட்ட
    பொரு களம் போலும் தொழூஉ

    தொழுவினுள் கொண்ட ஏறு எல்லாம் புலம் புக, தண்டாச் சீர்,
    வாங்கு எழில், நல்லாரும் மைந்தரும், மல்லல் ஊர்
    ஆங்கண் அயர்வர் தழூஉ

    தோழி அழைத்தல்
    பாடுகம், வம்மின் பொதுவன் கொலை ஏற்றுக்
    கோடு குறி செய்த மார்பு

    தலைவி
    நெற்றிச் சிவலை நிறை அழித்தான் நீள் மார்பில்,
    செற்றார் கண் சாய, யான் சாராது அமைகல்லேன்;
    பெற்றத்தார் கவ்வை எடுப்ப, அது பெரிது
    உற்றீயாள் ஆயர் மகள்

    தொழீஇஇ! ஒருக்கு நாம் ஆடும் குரவையுள், நம்மை
    அருக்கினான் போல் நோக்கி, அல்லல் நோய் செய்தல்,
    ‘குரூஉக் கண் கொலை ஏறு கொண்டேன் யான்’ என்னும்
    தருக்கு அன்றோ ஆயர் மகன்?

    தோழி
    நேரிழாய்! கோள் அரிதாக நிறுத்த கொலை ஏற்றுக்
    காரி கதன் அஞ்சான் பாய்ந்த பொதுவற்கே,
    ஆர்வுற்று, எமர் கொடை நேர்ந்தார் அலர் எடுத்த
    ஊராரை உச்சி மிதித்து

    ஆங்கு,
    தொல் கதிர்த் திகிரியாற் பரவுதும் ஒல்கா
    உரும் உறழ் முரசின் தென்னவற்கு
    ஒரு மொழி கொள்க, இவ் உலகு உடன்! எனவே.

    We walk on in the series of long songs about bull taming! The words can be translated as follows:

    “As the brimming waves of the sea rose and stole away his land, without losing heart, moving north, laying siege to the enemy lands therein, removing the tiger and bow symbols, installing the famous sign of the fish, the Southern King, with ceaseless glory, conquered with his strength. From his ancient and famous heritage, came the good tribe of herders, who have all come together, with one mind now.

    A flawless, white bull, akin to the Milk-hued One with a sky-high, shining palmyra on his flag; A black bull known for its immense ability, akin to the One, who holds the Lady of Wealth in his chest, and wields famous, well-etched golden discus that has seen success in many a battlefield; A tawny bull, filled with much hostility, akin to the form of the Three-Eyed One, who has radiant, low-hanging tresses and carries atop a crescent moon; A fearless red bull, in the hue of the Speared One, who waged a raging war with the demon, who muddled the dark seas and took the form of a mango tree; And many more that are similar in nature to these bulls stood, as if many different-shaped clouds had assembled together, and these were let into the arena with much cheer.

    In that place, with drums beating, they declared:
    ’The one who holds on to the neck of the white bull will get the beautiful maiden with thorn-like teeth;
    The one who captures the black bull, not fearing its fury, will attain sweet sleep in the flowing tresses of the maiden wearing shining jewels;
    The one who conquers the tawny bull with murderous eyes, will claim the beautiful woman with the gaze of frightened deer in her two eyes;
    The one who holds on to the red bull, with much strength, not scared about its rage, will attain good sleep on the bamboo-like soft arms of the maiden wearing lined earrings;’

    Announcing thus, as per the custom of the herders, akin to the stars that surround the white moon, they made those maiden assemble with care upon the raised platforms.

    In that field, as drums soared with their beats and many roared aloud, the bulls, not letting the incense spread around, leaped to face the faultless young men’s attack.

    With enmity brimming towards those bulls, leaving the platform, there comes a man, who fears not the sharp-edged horn, full of strength and ability, akin to a spear, and leaps onto the neck of the milk-hued, white bull. See how the young black bull ceaselessly stabs him, akin to how the Blue-hued One pounced on the Snake that was trying to swallow the Moon.

    Making many rise and leave with much shock, breaking bones and tearing intestines, pierced the bull and twisted and turned to lose the one, who was holding on, ruining its horns. See the scene of how this bull’s rage ceases not, akin to how a killer male elephant would shake and turn in fear, when sensing the fumes of a medicinal smoke.

    Rising famously with strength and determination, without avoiding, heading straight, the man who leaped on a bull but then finding that his strong arms had failed him, lets go and his body slants and slips away and makes him fall before the bull. See the scene of how that spotted bull moves away, without trampling him, akin to how a Death-like warrior in the battlefield steps away from a warrior captured by his sword, deciding the other is not his equal.

    And thus, even as the bulls pierced, severed and tormented, facing them, refusing to give up, the young men assembled. Flesh was torn and lay scattered all about, the drums roared like thunder and sent out their music in that arena, with those who accept this state of torment, those who leap and hold on, those who pounce in between the horns, and those who swore oaths about their conquest. The arena appeared like a battlefield where the Five, skilled in the art of their lined bows, subdued the Hundred, with their power!

    As the bulls in the arena leave to graze, the beautiful maiden with exquisite and unceasing beauty, relax and embrace their young men in that prosperous town.

    Confidante’s Call:
    Come let us sing in praise of the chest of the herder, marked by the horn of the killer bull!

    Lady:
    I will not stay away from the chest of the one, who destroyed the red forehead of the bull, even if the eyes of others widen in disapproval. Even if those owners of cattle raise slander, this herder daughter will not mind it at all.

    O my friend, who tells me everything! In this dance of ‘Kuravai’ that we are going to do, when he looks with such love and causes suffering within, isn’t that son of herders doing that because of his pride that declares, ‘I won over the killer bull with murderous eyes!’?

    Confidante:
    O maiden wearing well-etched jewels! Facing the hard-to-capture, murderous black bull, not fearing its fury, pounced a herder man. With love, our kin have decided to offer your hand to him, stepping on the heads of the townsfolk, who raised slander about you!

    And so, praying to the One, who has the discus spreading with ancient rays, let’s wish that the world entire upholds the word of the Southern King with roaring drums!”

    Let’s look at the highlights of this song. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming by the man to win the hand of the lady. These words are spoken by the confidante and the lady. In a change from the previous verses, instead of mentioning the flowers of the region, the confidante offers us a history lesson about the Pandya kings and how the seas stole away their land, perhaps referring to ancient Tsunamis, that stole the cities on the coastline, and about how this king did not lose his heart but went on to capture the lands north, belonging to the Chozhas and Cheras, removed their insignia and installing his flag fluttering with the fish symbol. From that ancient heritage, the tribe of herders arose, narrates the confidante, talking about how they have come together in the bull taming arena, now. Following this, the players in the field are introduced. Each bull is identified by its colour and its connection to a God. The way the bulls stand together seemed to the confidante, as if many-shaped clouds had descended there. Then, she narrates how the herders announce about the conquest of each bull and the prize of the maiden that will follow. Without naming names, in Sangam Aham tradition, the maiden are identified with their physical features and the bulls by their colour.

    After these details, the arena and the events therein are described, with scenes such as a man capturing a white bull and another dark bull attacking him, connecting that to mythological elements. Another scene of a bull shaking off a rider is likened to how an elephant would twist and turn when sensing the fumes of a medicinal smoke. This is followed by a rather striking scene in which a bull pushes a man off its back but seeing him fallen before it, does not trample the man but steps away, and this noble act of the beast is placed in parallel to a warrior, who does not engage with another warrior captured in the battlefield, thinking the other is not his equal. The gory scenes of the arena is brought alive, with a simile connecting it to the battle mentioned in Mahabaratha, between the Kauravas and Pandavas. At the end of all this, the bulls leave to graze and the maiden leave with the men, to relax and dance in the town.

    At this time, the confidante calls the lady and their friends to sing and dance the ‘Kuravai’, praising the man who won over the bull. The lady just then talks about how people raised slander about her and the young man, but today he has conquered the bull and looks at her with pride and love, declaring that no hostile looks from those people can make her stay away from him. To these furious words of the lady, the confidante renders the assurance that the lady’s kin have agreed to offer the lady’s hand in marriage to that young man, who captured the bull valiantly, and by doing that, they were dismissing the slander of the townsfolk. She concludes by asking the dancers to pray to Thirumaal, the one with the ancient discus, seeking that the word of the Pandya king is celebrated everywhere! Another long account that narrates the relevance of bull taming to that ancient society, offering glimpses of mythological beliefs, historical events and cultural elements!

    15 min
  • Kalithogai 103 – A field of love and war

    In this episode, we perceive dynamic scenes from a bull taming arena, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 103, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and relays the importance accorded to courage and determination in an ancient culture.

    மெல் இணர்க் கொன்றையும், மென் மலர்க் காயாவும்,
    புல் இலை வெட்சியும், பிடவும், தளவும்,
    குல்லையும், குருந்தும், கோடலும், பாங்கரும்
    கல்லவும் கடத்தவும் கமழ் கண்ணி மலைந்தனர்
    பல ஆன் பொதுவர் கதழ் விடை கோள் காண்மார்
    முல்லை முகையும் முருந்தும் நிரைத்தன்ன
    பல்லர், பெரு மழைக் கண்ணர், மடம் சேர்ந்த
    சொல்லர், சுடரும் கனங் குழைக் காதினர்,
    நல்லவர் கொண்டார் மிடை

    அவர் மிடை கொள
    மணி வரை மருங்கின் அருவி போல
    அணி வரம்பு அறுத்த வெண் காற் காரியும்,
    மீன் பூத்து அவிர் வரும் அந்தி வான் விசும்பு போல்
    வான் பொறி பரந்த புள்ளி வெள்ளையும்,
    கொலைவன் சூடிய குழவித் திங்கள் போல்
    வளையுபு மலிந்த கோடு அணி சேயும்,
    பொரு முரண் முன்பின் புகல் ஏறு பல பெய்து
    அரிமாவும், பரிமாவும், களிறும், கராமும்,
    பெரு மலை விடரகத்து, ஒருங்கு உடன் குழீஇ,
    படு மழை ஆடும் வரையகம் போலும்
    கொடி நறை சூழ்ந்த தொழூஉ

    தொழுவினுள் புரிபு புரிபு புக்க பொதுவரைத்
    தெரிபு தெரிபு குத்தின ஏறு
    ஏற்றின் அரி பரிபு அறுப்பன, சுற்றி,
    எரி திகழ் கணிச்சியோன் சூடிய பிறைக்கண்
    உருவ மாலை போல,
    குருதிக் கோட்டொடு குடர் வலந்தன

    தோழி தலைவிக்குக் காட்டல்
    கோட்டொடு சுற்றிக் குடர் வலந்த ஏற்றின் முன்,
    ஆடி நின்று, அக் குடர் வாங்குவான், பீடு காண்
    செந் நூற் கழி ஒருவன் கைப் பற்ற, அந் நூலை
    முந் நூலாக் கொள்வானும் போன்ம்

    இகுளை! இஃது ஒன்று கண்டை; இஃது ஒத்தன்:
    கோட்டினத்து ஆயர் மகன் அன்றே மீட்டு ஒரான்
    போர் புகல் ஏற்றுப் பிணர் எருத்தில் தத்துபு,
    தார் போல் தழீஇயவன்?

    இகுளை! இஃது ஒன்று கண்டை; இஃது ஒத்தன்;
    கோவினத்து ஆயர் மகன் அன்றே ஓவான்
    மறை ஏற்றின் மேல் இருந்து ஆடி, துறை அம்பி
    ஊர்வான் போல் தோன்றுமவன்?

    தொழீஇஇ! காற்றுப் போல வந்த கதழ் விடைக் காரியை
    ஊற்றுக் களத்தே அடங்கக் கொண்டு, அட்டு, அதன்
    மேல் தோன்றி நின்ற பொதுவன் தகை கண்டை
    ஏற்றெருமை நெஞ்சம் வடிம்பின் இடந்து இட்டு,
    சீற்றமொடு ஆர் உயிர் கொண்ட ஞான்று, இன்னன்கொல்
    கூற்று என உட்கிற்று, என் நெஞ்சு

    இகுளை! இஃது ஒன்று கண்டை; இஃது ஒத்தன்:
    புல்லினத்து ஆயர் மகன் அன்றே புள்ளி
    வெறுத்த வய வெள் ஏற்று அம் புடைத் திங்கள்
    மறுப் போல் பொருந்தியவன்?

    ஓவா வேகமோடு உருத்துத் தன்மேல் சென்ற
    சேஎச் செவி முதற் கொண்டு, பெயர்த்து ஒற்றும்
    காயாம்பூங் கண்ணிப் பொதுவன் தகை கண்டை
    மேவார் விடுத்தந்த கூந்தற் குதிரையை
    வாய் பகுத்து இட்டு, புடைத்த ஞான்று, இன்னன்கொல்
    மாயோன் என்று உட்கிற்று என் நெஞ்சு

    ஆங்கு, இரும் புலித் தொழுதியும் பெருங் களிற்றினமும்
    மாறுமாறு உழக்கியாங்கு உழக்கி, பொதுவரும்
    ஏறு கொண்டு, ஒருங்கு தொழூஉ விட்டனர் விட்டாங்கே
    மயில் எருத்து உறழ் அணி மணி நிலத்துப் பிறழ
    பயில் இதழ் மலர் உண்கண்
    மாதர் மகளிரும் மைந்தரும் மைந்து உற்றுத்
    தாது எரு மன்றத்து அயர்வர் தழூஉ

    கொல் ஏற்றுக் கோடு அஞ்சுவானை மறுமையும்
    புல்லாளே ஆய மகள்

    அஞ்சார் கொலை ஏறு கொள்பவர் அல்லதை,
    நெஞ்சிலார் தோய்தற்கு அரிய உயிர் துறந்து
    நைவாரா ஆய மகள் தோள்

    வளியர் அறியா உயிர், காவல் கொண்டு,
    நளிவாய் மருப்பு அஞ்சும் நெஞ்சினார் தோய்தற்கு
    எளியவோ ஆய மகள் தோள்?

    விலை வேண்டார், எம் இனத்து ஆயர் மகளிர்
    கொலை ஏற்றுக் கோட்டிடை, தாம் வீழ்வார் மார்பின்
    முலையிடைப் போல புகின்

    ஆங்கு,
    குரவை தழீஇ, யாம் மரபுளி பாடி,
    தேயா விழுப் புகழ்த் தெய்வம் பரவுதும்
    மாசு இல் வான் முந்நீர்ப் பரந்த தொல் நிலம்
    ஆளும் கிழமையொடு புணர்ந்த
    எம் கோ வாழியர், இம் மலர் தலை உலகே!

    What a long, long song that takes us right in the middle of a fierce fight! The words can be translated as follows:

    “With soft clusters of the golden shower, delicate flowers of the Ironwood, small-leaved jungle flame, flowers of the wild jasmine, pink jasmine, wild basil, wild lime, flame-lily and the toothbrush tree, found in the mountains and in the forests, the herdsmen, owners of many oxen, wove and wore fragrant head garlands. To watch them seize the bulls, came those beautiful maiden with teeth, akin to jasmine buds and white palm sprouts, with eyes like the rain, words filled with naivety and ears dangling with shining, heavy earrings, and sat on the tall platforms.

    As they sat upon the platforms, in the field beneath, appeared:
    Akin to a cascade pouring down from the sapphire-hued mountains, the white-legged black bull with beauty exceeding bounds;
    Akin to the bright sky at dusk when star clusters bloom, the white bull with bright spots;
    Akin to the child moon adorning the head of the Destroyer, the bull with curving horns;
    and many other such bulls, known for their strength and fighting. To see them assembled there in that field surrounded by the smoke of incense, seemed as if lions, horses, elephants and crocodiles had gathered together in a huge mountain cleft, above which dark clouds had descended.

    Within the field, with passions soaring, entered the herdsmen; sensing them, pierced the oxen; What was severed by the sharp horns of the oxen curled around, and those intestines around the blood-stained horns appeared, as if a garland had been placed around the crescent moon of the One with a burning, bright axe.

    (To the Lady)
    Standing before the bull that had curled his intestines around its horns, swaying, a man takes it and puts it back within him. Behold that proud strength of his! This appears as if one person is holding a spool of red thread in his hand and another is pulling those threads to weave it as a three-stranded string!

    My friend! You must see this! There’s one man, the son of the horned buffalo herders, who without letting go, leaps on to the neck of an attacking killer bull, and hangs there embracing, like a garland!

    My friend! You must see this! There’s one man, the son of the cow herders, who without giving up, sways on top of the bull with spots, and moves as if he’s riding a boat in the shore!

    How you are looking at the field without blinking your eyes! See the greatness of how one herdsman fought and subdued the attacking black bull that pounced like the wind into the arena, and stands tall above it! My heart trembles thinking this is how it must have been when the One, filled with rage, placed his feet upon the heart of the One, riding the buffalo, known as Death, and took his life!

    My friend! You must see this! There’s one man, the son of goat herders, who sits upon the spotted, strong white bull, looking akin to the inseparable black spot on the moon!

    See the greatness of how one herdsman wearing a head garland of ironwood flowers, holding on to the red ears of the bull that pounced upon him with ceaseless speed, breaks it and tames it. My heart trembles thinking this is how it must have been, when the Dark-skinned One, split and broke apart the mouth of a maned horse, sent by his enemies!

    And so, akin to how an ambush of tigers and a parade of elephants fight against each other, again and again, the herdsmen fought with the bulls and conquered them and left the field together. After they left, as the sapphire flowers in the hue of peacocks’ necks rolled upon the ground, the gentle maiden with many-petaled, kohl-streaked eyes along with their young men relaxed and danced embracing in the pollen-filled town centre.

    Even in the next birth, a herder daughter would never embrace a man, who fears the horns of a killer bull;

    The arms of herders’ daughters wouldn’t be sad to even give up the life, rather than embrace the courage-less those, who cannot tame and subdue killer bulls without fear!

    Are the arms of the herders’ daughters so inferior to embrace those, who fear the curving horns of a bull, and want to protect their life at any cost, without considering that life is but a breath?

    Even a bride price will not be sought, if to claim the hand of our herder daughters, the men pounce in between the horns of killer bulls, as if leaping between the bosoms of those they love!

    And so, embracing in a ‘Kuravai’ dance, let us sing about our tradition, and pray to the gods with unceasing fame, wishing that our king, who rightfully rules this ancient land, surrounded by the three flawless white seas, may live long in this vast world of ours!”

    Let’s delve into the essence of this verse. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming to win the hand of a beloved and the words are spoken by the confidante, describing the scenes in a bull fighting arena and talking specifically to her friend, the lady. The confidante starts as custom by remarking on a long list of flowers worn by the herdsmen as they arrive to fight with the bulls and to watch them conquer the bulls, the maiden too had come and were sitting on the tall platforms raised for them. Then, the confidante portrays each bull that arrives on to the scene with descriptive similes: A cascade pouring down the dark surface of a mountain, for a black bull with white legs; twilight sky with star clusters for a white bull, filled with spots; the crescent moon on the head of God Siva, referred to as the ‘Killing God’, to talk about another bull with curving horns. After the individual similes, collectively she portrays all the bulls standing there, with dust soaring and incense filling the grounds, with an image of lions, horses, elephants and crocodiles in a mountain cleft surrounded by dark rain clouds. This simile sounds so like a scene from the movie ‘The Lion King’!

    After setting the scene, the confidante moves into the thick of the action and describes how the men leap on the bulls and the bulls pierce them, pulling out their guts, and for the sight of the intestines hanging around the horns of a bull, she comes up with another simile, a garland around the moon of the God Siva, whom we just saw.

    From these generic descriptions, the confidante decides to point to the lady the scenes unfolding before her, and calls her friend’s attention to one man who is bravely putting back the intestines gored by a bull, back into his body. The very scene is mind-boggling and now I know where Indian cinema gets its unbelievable, beyond-physics ideas for its action scenes! Kidding apart, we see the confidante celebrating this man’s fearlessness!

    She goes on pointing to her friend, talking about one man after the other, who are holding on to the bull, riding atop and standing tall over it, and in each case, she gives relevant similes for a hanging garland, a person riding a boat, and a mythological one of God Siva killing Death, riding a buffalo! She continues in this vein, talking about another man, who would not let go of a white bull, and to describe this, she connects that scene of the dark-skinned man on the white bull to the black spot on the moon, a forever simile that is my favourite in this long list of comparisons. Another mythological simile of God Thirumaal, known as Maayon, splitting open the mouth of a horse sent by his enemies is offered to describe how another herder is splitting open the mouth of a bull and subduing it!

    The confidante sums up the whole scene between the herders and the bulls as a fight between tigers and elephants and concludes the scene with the herders conquering the bulls. After the end of these festivities, the maiden join along with the herders and perform ‘Kuravai’ dances in the town centre, says the confidante. Following this, a series of lines depicting the nature of herders’ daughters is penned, perhaps indicating the content of those ‘Kuravai’ songs. These lines talk about how these women would never marry a man who fears the bulls; they would rather die than embrace anyone who cannot tame the bulls; how they look down upon those who seek to protect their lives and fear to face the bulls; and finally, how the herder fathers would not even seek a bride price or dowry, if only their son-in-laws would embrace the bulls with the same passion as they embrace the maiden they love! The confidante concludes by telling the lady that they should sing of their proud culture in these ‘Kuravai’ dances, and pray to God that their king, who rules this ancient land surrounded by the three seas, lives forever and ever!

    As I was traversing the lines of this verse, the feeling I got was as if I was listening to an ancient commentator of a bull fight. With such style and precision, the poet has sketched the field, the players and the emotions soaring therein, that reminds one of the rousing sports commentary, so familiar to our modern ears! From commentary, the verse traverses to culture and tells us that to these ancients, courage was much more important than precious life itself. In a nutshell, a Sangam song that has given us a bird’s eye view of their sports and war, art and love, all fused together as one, making us time travel to another era and see what’s different and what remains the same!

    16 min
  • Kalithogai 102 – Fought and Won

    In this episode, we listen to an account of a jubilant bull taming, as depicted in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 102, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and sketches the determination of a young man to win the one he loves.

    தலைவன்
    கண் அகன் இரு விசும்பில் கதழ் பெயல் கலந்து, ஏற்ற
    தண் நறும் பிடவமும், தவழ் கொடித் தளவமும்,
    வண்ண வண் தோன்றியும், வயங்கு இணர்க் கொன்றையும்,
    அன்னவை பிறவும், பல் மலர் துதைய,
    தழையும் கோதையும் இழையும் என்று இவை
    தைஇயினர், மகிழ்ந்து, திளைஇ விளையாடும்
    மட மொழி ஆயத்தவருள் இவள் யார் உடம்போடு
    என் உயிர் புக்கவள் இன்று?

    பாங்கன்
    ஓஒ! இவள், ‘பொரு புகல் நல் ஏறு கொள்பவர் அல்லால்,
    திரு மா மெய் தீண்டலர்’ என்று, கருமமா,
    எல்லாரும் கேட்ப, அறைந்து அறைந்து, எப்பொழுதும்
    சொல்லால் தரப்பட்டவள்

    தலைவன்
    ‘சொல்லுக!’

    சுற்றத்தார்
    ‘பாணியேம்’ என்றார்;
    ‘அறைக’ என்றார் பாரித்தார்,
    மாணிழை ஆறாகச் சாறு

    சாற்றுள் பெடை அன்னார் கண் பூத்து, நோக்கும் வாய், எல்லாம்
    மிடை பெறின், நேராத் தகைத்து
    தகை வகை மிசைமிசைப் பாயியர், ஆர்த்து உடன்
    எதிர்எதிர் சென்றார் பலர்
    கொலை மலி சிலை செறி செயிர் அயர் சினம் சிறந்து,
    உருத்து எழுந்து ஓடின்று மேல்

    எழுந்தது துகள்;
    ஏற்றனர் மார்பு;
    கவிழ்ந்தன மருப்பு;
    கலங்கினர் பலர்

    அவருள், மலர் மலி புகல் எழ, அலர் மலி மணி புரை நிமிர் தோள் பிணைஇ
    எருத்தோடு இமிலிடைத் தோன்றினன்; தோன்றி,
    வருத்தினான்மன்ற அவ் ஏறு
    ஏறு எவ்வம் காணா எழுந்தார் எவன்கொலோ
    ஏறு உடை நல்லார் பகை?
    மடவரே, நல் ஆயர் மக்கள் நெருநை,
    அடல் ஏற்றெருத்து இறுத்தார்க் கண்டும், மற்று இன்றும்,
    உடல் ஏறு கோள் சாற்றுவார்!

    ஆங்கு, இனி
    தண்ணுமைப் பாணி தளராது எழூஉக
    பண் அமை இன் சீர்க் குரவையுள், தெண் கண்ணி,
    திண் தோள், திறல் ஒளி மாயப் போர், மா மேனி,
    அம் துவர் ஆடைப் பொதுவனோடு, ஆய்ந்த
    முறுவலாள் மென் தோள் பாராட்டி, சிறுகுடி
    மன்றம் பரந்தது உரை!

    Another song detailing the events around a bull fight. The words can be translated as follows:

    “Man:
    Accepting and fusing with the abundant downpour from the vast and huge sky, the cool and fragrant wild jasmines, pink jasmines on the spreading vines, the colourful flame-lilies, sparking clusters of the golden shower, and many other such flowers have bloomed. Wearing leaf garments, garlands and ornaments adorned with these flowers, with joy, the herder maiden with naive words play together. Among them, who might she be, the one who has bewitched me with her form and has become one with my life now?

    Friend:
    Oh! She is the one, who has been announced in the earshot of many, accompanied by the beating of drums, with the words, ‘Other than the one who subdues the fiery, fight-loving, fine bull, no one can touch her dark and divine form’!

    Man:
    So, tell them!

    Lady’s Kin:
    Saying ‘There shall be no delay’, they said to the announcers, ‘Beat the drums’, calling for the festivities, paving the path to attain the maiden wearing precious jewels.

    In the festival, tall lofts many were built with thought, for the maiden to watch with their eyes shining. To pounce upon the many different bulls, with enthusiasm, many men went and stood facing them. In the manner of bows that do the task of killing, filled with fury, the bulls too leaped and ran towards them.

    Dust scattered;
    Chests awaited;
    Horns pierced;
    Anguished, were so many;

    Among them, one man, with his garland, full of flowers swaying, held on to the bull’s hump with his sapphire-hued hands; And there, pinning it down, he caused anguish to that bull. Those who owned the bull rose up, unable to bear the sight of its suffering. Why should they be so furious? Aren’t they foolish to let the strong herder men fight with their bulls, after seeing someone subdue an attacking bull yesterday?

    And now, with the beats of the ‘thannummai’ drum soaring unceasingly, singing perfect tunes of the ‘Kuravai’, praising the union of the maiden with a gentle smile and soft arms with the herder man, wearing a beautiful red attire upon his dark skin, the one with a shining garland and strong arms that fought with radiant strength, let’s dance and celebrate in the town centre of our little hamlet!”

    Time to delve into the details. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming to win the hand of a beloved and the words are spoken by the man, his friend and the lady’s relatives in this one. The man opens the scene by remarking on the beautiful maiden, who have gathered to play, wearing the flowers that have bloomed in the rain such as the wild jasmines, pink jasmines, flame-lilies and golden shower as their attire, garlands and ornaments. What fragrant accessories indeed! Looking at all of them, the man points to the girl who has captured his heart and asks his friend who she is. The friend informs the man that she is the daughter of a herder, who has announced that he would give her hand only to the man who tames their bull. The man accepts the challenge and asks his friend to inform them. Hearing his proposal, they too agree to start the festivities for the bull taming immediately, calling their drummer to announce it all around. This is followed by an account by the lady’s kin, of what happened in the festivities, where tall platforms were installed for women to watch the proceedings without any fear of getting hurt, and down below, the men stood facing the bulls and the bulls too, were intent on their role of killing and attacking. In montage shots, the scene is brought alive and we see the dust of the arena soaring to the skies in one, the wide chests of men awaiting their fate, the bulls racing towards them and dipping their horns; the torment and tears of many.

    Continuing that racy scene, one man’s successful subduing of his bull is brought to the fore and the anguish of those who owned the bull is depicted too. Questions are raised about why they should be angry because isn’t it a good thing that a worthy man is winning over the bull! The presence of strong men, who have brought down fierce bulls is highlighted, depicting how it was an ingrained custom in those days. The lady’s kin end by calling for a celebration in their village, filled with dance to the tune of beating drums, for the gentle maiden has found the perfect match in the strong and handsome herder man! The joy that the world feels in a happy union can be sensed in this ancient verse. A feeling that lives on, even in the cynical world of today, where many of us would have felt the joy in witnessing a wedding and seeing the coming together of two hearts in love!

    9 min
  • Kalithogai 101 – A fight for love

    In this episode, we perceive the ancient Tamil custom of taming a bull, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 101, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and conveys the connection of this ancient custom to the lady’s life.

    தளி பெறு தண் புலத்துத் தலைப் பெயற்கு அரும்பு ஈன்று,
    முளி முதல் பொதுளிய, முட் புறப் பிடவமும்;
    களி பட்டான் நிலையே போல் தடவுபு துடுப்பு ஈன்று,
    ஞெலிபு உடன் நிரைத்த ஞெகிழ் இதழ்க் கோடலும்;
    மணி புரை உருவின காயாவும்; பிறவும்;
    அணி கொள மலைந்த கண்ணியர் தொகுபு உடன்,
    மாறு எதிர்கொண்ட தம் மைந்துடன் நிறுமார்
    சீறு அரு முன்பினோன் கணிச்சி போல் கோடு சீஇ,
    ஏறு தொழூஉப் புகுத்தனர், இயைபுடன் ஒருங்கு

    அவ் வழி, முழக்கு என, இடி என, முன் சமத்து ஆர்ப்ப
    வழக்கு மாறு கொண்டு, வருபு வருபு ஈண்டி
    நறையொடு துகள் எழ நல்லவர் அணி நிற்ப,
    துறையும் ஆலமும் தொல் வலி மராஅமும்
    முறையுளி பராஅய், பாய்ந்தனர், தொழூஉ

    மேற் பாட்டு உலண்டின் நிறன் ஒக்கும் புன் குருக் கண்
    நோக்கு அஞ்சான் பாய்ந்த பொதுவனைச் சாக் குத்தி,
    கோட்டிடைக் கொண்டு, குலைப்பதன் தோற்றம் காண்
    அம் சீர் அசைஇயல் கூந்தற் கை நீட்டியான்
    நெஞ்சம் பிளந்து இட்டு, நேரார் நடுவண், தன்
    வஞ்சினம் வாய்த்தானும் போன்ம்

    சுடர் விரிந்தன்ன சுரி நெற்றிக் காரி
    விடரி அம் கண்ணிப் பொதுவனைச் சாடி,
    குடர் சொரியக் குத்தி, குலைப்பதன் தோற்றம் காண்
    படர் அணி அந்தி, பசுங் கட் கடவுள்
    இடரிய ஏற்று எருமை நெஞ்சு இடந்து இட்டு,
    குடர் கூளிக்கு ஆர்த்துவான் போன்ம்

    செவி மறை நேர் மின்னும் நுண் பொறி வெள்ளைக்
    கதன் அஞ்சான் பாய்ந்த பொதுவனைச் சாடி,
    நுதி நுனைக் கோட்டால் குலைப்பதன் தோற்றம் காண்
    ஆர் இருள் என்னான் அருங் கங்குல் வந்து, தன்
    தாளின் கடந்து அட்டு, தந்தையைக் கொன்றானைத்
    தோளின் திருகுவான் போன்ம்

    என ஆங்கு
    அணி மாலைக் கேள்வற் தரூஉமார், ஆயர்
    மணி மாலை ஊதும் குழல்

    (தலைவனிடம்)
    கடாஅக் களிற்றினும் கண்ணஞ்சா ஏற்றை
    விடாஅது நீ கொள்குவை, ஆயின்; படாஅகை
    ஈன்றன, ஆய மகள் தோள்

    (தலைவியிடம்)
    பகலிடக் கண்ணியன், பைதற் குழலன்,
    சுவல்மிசைக் கோல் அசைத்த கையன், அயலது
    கொல் ஏறு சாட இருந்தார்க்கு, எம் பல் இருங்
    கூந்தல் அணை கொடுப்பேம் யாம்

    ‘கோளாளர் என் ஒப்பார் இல்’ என நம் ஆனுள்,
    தாளாண்மை கூறும் பொதுவன் நமக்கு, ஒரு நாள்,
    கேளாளன் ஆகாமை இல்லை; அவற் கண்டு
    வேளாண்மை செய்தன கண்

    ஆங்கு, ஏறும் வருந்தின; ஆயரும் புண் கூர்ந்தார்;
    நாறு இருங் கூந்தற் பொதுமகளிர் எல்லாரும்
    முல்லைஅம் தண் பொழில் புக்கார், பொதுவரோடு,
    எல்லாம் புணர் குறிக் கொண்டு.

    The first step into this new domain of the forest gives us immense insights about the culture there. The words can be translated as follows:

    “After the first shower upon the fertile, moist land graced by the rains, new buds burst forth on the previously dried-up stems of the thorny wild jasmine; Akin to the state of a drunken person, sways the oar-like buds, which bloom into wide petals, akin to rows of fire, in the flame-lily; Akin to sapphires, bloom the ironwood flowers; With these blooms and many others, exquisite garlands are woven and worn on the head by men, preparing themselves for the fight to proclaim their strength. Akin to the axe of the Furious First One are the sharps horns on the bulls, let out together in the arena.

    Resounding like drums, like thunder, one after the other, accepting the challenge of the competition, young men arrived there. On one side, with fragrant dust on their heads spilling over, stood beautiful maiden. After worshipping the shore, the banyan and the ancient, strong burflower tree, as per tradition, the men leaped into the field.

    Fearing not the piercing eyes of a bull with sharp horns, in the hue of a silk worm, pounced a young man. See the scene of how the bull kills and mutilates him with its horns! It’s akin to how amidst the enemies assembled, the one avenged his mad rage by tearing apart the chest of the other, who had touched the beautiful, swaying tresses of his beloved!

    With a mark, akin to a flame spreading its rays, on its forehead, is a black-hued bull. See how it gores the young man wearing a mountain flower garland, and stabs him, ripping out his guts and ruins him entire! It’s akin to how, at the end of time, the God with green eyes, would split the chest of the One, riding the buffalo, and throw out his intestines for the spirits to feast upon!

    Fearing not the fury of the white bull with intricate, shining spots behind its ears, pounced a young man. See the scene of how the bull mangles him with the sharp tip of its horn! It’s akin to how not minding the pitch darkness, arriving in the middle of the night, the one who, with his mighty strength, attacked the other, who had killed his father, and twisted the other’s head out of his neck!

    Even so, the note of the flute that rings aloud in this sapphire-evening rises as a good omen to render the beloved, adorned with a beautiful garland.

    (To the man)
    If you can hold on to that bull with fearless eyes, more furious than a rutting elephant, that will yield you the fluttering flag of victory, the arms of the herder’s daughter!

    (To the lady)
    ‘O men with a head garland of morning flowers, men with a sweet flute, men who sway with a rod on the shoulders, we shall marry our girl with thick dark tresses only to the one who tames our killer bull!’ announce our kin!

    Saying, ’There is no herder equal to me to tame you’ to our bull, there is your beloved man, who declares his strength. He is sure to become your husband one day, for seeing him, your eyes have spoken their love!

    And now, the bulls are tired and the herders are filled with wounds. All the women with fragrant dark tresses have retired to the cool and moist groves, brimming with wild jasmines, along with their herders, paying heed to their signals to come together!”

    Let’s explore the nuances. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming in a herders community, who predominate this landscape, and the words are said by the lady’s confidante, both to the man and the lady. The confidante starts with a fragrant discussion of the flowers that bloom in this land, presenting to us the thorny wild jasmine, the fire-like flame lily, and the sapphire-hued ironwood flowers. She connects saying how the herders take these and many other flowers and weave them into a head garland. Apparently, this gentle and aesthetic action is the first step before a fight about to unfold. Who are they fighting? As their opponents, stand bulls with horns said be as sharp as the axe of God Siva, who is referred to here, not with this name, but as the ‘First One’, known for his fury. We witnessed the sensory element of scent with those fragrant flowers. Now, sound is sketched for us, in the tone of drums and thunder and so appear the young men ready to fight with the bulls, says the confidante. Don’t we need a rapt audience for this important fight? Sure enough, young maiden stand on one side, wafting with the fragrance of sandalwood on their heads. The confidante tells us how these young men worship not any Gods, but the elements of land like the river shore and elements of nature like the banyan tree and the burflower tree. My respect for these ancient ancestors soared a little with this note!

    Returning, it’s time for some gore and horror, decides the confidante! She goes on to talk about how one ash-hued bull is stabbing a young man, another black bull is pulling out the intestines of another, and how a white bull is mangling up a man with its horns. In graphic detail, the confidante etches the scene and to add to the effect, she connects each of these scenes to mythological events that modern interpreters see it as pointing to the actions of Bhima in the Mahabharata, avenging the insult to his wife Draupadi, the prophecy of how God Siva would kill the God of Death himself at the end of time, and finally, the story of Ashwathama avenging his father’s death. We have no proof whether these references are to these myths or other stories told in the past of these Sangam people. But the core idea is to show how the scenes are filled with terror, with the bulls taking the upper hand.

    After relaying so much bad news, the confidante shifts track and declares there’s the sound of the flute that’s heard and that is a good omen for the lady to unite with her beloved. Then, she turns to the man and encourages him to hold on to the bull till the end so that he can win the lady. To the lady, she talks about how the lady’s kin had announced that they would give their daughter only to the man who would tame their bull. She tells the lady that the man is sure to declare to the bull that there’s no one else who can tame it, and will one day, become her man, for today, the lady’s eyes were speaking so much love to him. The confidante concludes by detailing the end of the fight when the bulls are tired and the herders are hurt, and their plan to heal their wounds is to meet up with their beloved maiden in the groves around, and the women, understanding the intent of these men, to tryst are seen moving thither. The lady too is being nudged by the confidante to meet with her beloved in the trysting spot through this final reference!

    A verse which etches the scenes of this ancient custom, which the Tamils uphold to this day. Though I have used the term ‘Bull taming’, the actual translation of the Tamil word ‘Eru thazhuval’ means ‘Embracing a bull’. It’s fascinating that those ancient herders said to the young men then, ‘You need to embrace the bull before you can embrace our girl’, in that meaningful metaphor for a marriage, which soars above all its challenges with strength, patience and perseverance!

    13 min

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Reflections on 2000 Year Old Tamil Poetry