Prof. Dr. Mathias Ulbricht joins Rhea and me to share his journey in membrane technology, discussing his "toolbox" approach to customizing membranes, solutions for fouling resistance and recycling, and the importance of collaboration and mentorship in transforming research into real-world impact.

Dr. Jeroen Warner from Wageningen University discusses the complexities of transboundary water governance, highlighting how international frameworks like the UN Watercourses Convention offer principles for cooperation but often lack enforcement. Using examples like the Nile Basin, he explains how power dynamics between upstream and downstream nations shape resource management and explores the challenges of ensuring equitable and sustainable water sharing.

Professor Jesse Nippert discussed how these adaptations, like enzyme activity and water transport, influence how plants, especially woody species, dominate during droughts. The conversation also revealed that afforestation isn't always straightforward and can sometimes negatively impact the climate. Finally, it highlighted the importance of understanding plant physiology to improve climate models and better predict environmental changes.

Professor Wim Thiery discusses the critical impact of climate change on water resources, particularly in Africa. We explore how climate extremes like droughts and floods, combined with changes in land cover, are reshaping water availability. Professor Thiery emphasizes the need for both global climate action and smart local water management to address these challenges effectively.

Michael A. Larsen, CEO of EnviroNor, discusses their floating desalination vessels—old ships turned into mobile water treatment plants. These vessels can produce up to 10,000 cubic meters of drinking water per hour. Unlike traditional plants, they can move to the best locations, saving energy and minimizing environmental impact. Their mobility also makes them ideal for helping cities during water shortages, offering a practical solution for unpredictable water needs.

Quantum Wei, founder of Harmony Desalting, explained their Batch Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology, which dynamically adjusts pressure to save energy. Using conventional membranes and a unique bladder system, Batch RO handles fluctuating salinity and pressure, making it more efficient and resilient against fouling and scaling. At the Yuma Desalting Plant, Batch RO treated scaling-prone brine from a brackish water RO system, achieving 83% water recovery without additional antiscalants. Harmony Desalting is scaling up Batch RO for industrial use, integrating multiple membrane modules, and testing under higher salinity to make desalination more affordable and accessible. Independent control of process parameters gives Batch RO an edge, offering more water with less energy and fewer chemicals.

Mark Ralph, CEO of Axine Water Technologies, explains how their method enhances conventional electrochemical oxidation by using multiple catalysts in a single reactor to break down tough contaminants like PFAS and pharmaceuticals. Their treatment-as-a-service (TAAS) model provides a complete package, including installation, operation, and maintenance, helping clients meet regulations without technical hassles. Their versatile system serves various industries, including pharmaceuticals and electronics manufacturing. Axine's R&D focuses on improving performance and energy efficiency through advanced materials and machine-learning algorithms, with more innovations on the horizon.

Pablo Cassorla, founder and CEO of Remote Waters, shared how his team is developing decentralized desalination systems by examining around 400 components and redesigning the system with software. This innovation enables rural communities to access fresh water using renewable energy at an affordable cost. 

Akash Singh, co-founder of Urbanblue Technologies, addresses the inefficiencies of traditional wastewater treatment sensors by using real-time imaging and AI. Their system continuously samples water, captures high-resolution images of microorganisms, and uses AI to provide immediate recommendations for improving water quality. This approach, which is scalable and reduces energy consumption, offers a cost-effective and accurate alternative to outdated BOD and COD sensors. Urbanblue's affordable hardware-as-a-service model emphasizes the long-term benefits of efficient water management, making innovative, data-driven solutions the future of water treatment.

Sreenath Bolisetty, CTO and Co-founder of BluAct Technologies, explains how protein nanofibers can effectively remove heavy metals and radioactive pollutants from water. These nanofibers, made from whey protein, have a high surface area and binding sites that adsorb multiple metal ions and pollutants. Integrated into activated carbon, they efficiently purify water. The solution operates without electricity, using gravity and sustainable materials. It can recover valuable metals from wastewater and remove contaminants like arsenic, making it both eco-friendly and cost-effective.