From the times of Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, to the publishing of The Adult Learner: The Neglected Species in 1973 by Malcolm Knowles, there are several takes on the meaning of adult education. So who was the first person to bring up the need for andragogy aka adult learning, and who were the real pioneers of andragogy before Knowles. This episode of StyleLearn origins takes a deep dive into adult learning theory and it's a lively discussion with podcast guest Lisa Sandonato , Instructional Design and L&D consultant.

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SOURCES

Anderson, M., Lindeman, E.C. (1927). Education Through Experience

Brookfield, S. (1995). Adult Learning: An Overview

Henchske, J.A. (2016). A History of Andragogy as its Documents as it Pertains to Adult Basic and Literacy Education

Knowles, M. S. (1970) The modern practice of adult education; Andragogy versus Pedagogy

Knowles, M. S. (1984). Andragogy in Action

Knowles, M. S. (2015). The adult learner : the definitive classic in adult education and human resource development

Lindeman, E.C. (1926). The Meaning of Adult Education

Van Der Molen, L. (1989). A complete bibliography of the writings of Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy

The need to evaluate the effectiveness of knowledge transfer predates the Kirkpatrick Four Levels by at least 20 years. From the need to observe workers performing tasks well after instruction, Ralph Tyler's 1930s eight-year study of curriculum evaluation to Raymond Katzell's papers on responsive evaluation; the interest on evaluating learning results has been there. However, the most known model is Donald Kirkpatrick's (1924-2014) Four Levels of Training Evaluation. The evolutions of that model by Jack Phillips ROI Framework along with the New World Kirkpatrick model by James Kirkpatrick and Wendy Kayser give better guidance today on what to consider in training evaluations.

Phillips, J. (1997). The Handbook of Training Evaluations and Measurement Methods.

Thalheimer, W. (2018). Donald Kirkpatrick was not the Originator of the Four-Level Model of Learning Evaluation

https://www.completelearningsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Donald-Kirkpatrick-was-NOT-the-Originator-of-the-Four-Level-Model-of-Learning-Evaluation-%E2%80%93-Work-Learning-Research.pdf

The Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) process is the center component in the Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Design or IPISD Model. It's composed of five volumes addressing each phase in the process and originally was set to have the last phase labeled as Control which focused on quality control and process improvement. This is a model and process every instructional designer should know as all subsequent models are influenced by it. The first mention of ADDIE was captured in an Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) quote of General William Depuy alluding to the adoption of a Systems Approach to Training (SAT) approach to military instruction.

Off-the-Cuff Interview with Dr. Robert K Branson

https://youtu.be/EJEgs8M6hBY

Branson, R. et al (1977) Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Development: Task V Final Report

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED164745.pdf

Branson, R. et al. (1974) Analysis and Assessment of the Art in Instructional Technology

https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAC485.pdf

REST IN PEACE Dr. Branson https://give.fsu.edu/Donate/Express/53e36e31-f3cd-4786-3582-08da52d03b69

Review of the CONARC Systems of Engineering by HumRRO 

https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA085735/mode/2up

Romjue, J.  (1993). Prepare the Army for War. A Historical Overview of the Army Training and Doctrine Command

https://www.tradoc.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/a267030.pdf

The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives aka Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification system created by college examiners and led by Dr. Benjamin Bloom in 1956. Its purpose was to classify educational objectives for test items that can be exchangeable among educators. There were many forces that inspire Bloom's epiphany at the American Psychology Association Convention of 1948 to gather with colleagues and propose the idea. Turns out, illiteracy was rampant at the beginning of World War II, and teacher shortages were high due to the need of workers to support the war effort.

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YOUTUBE INTERVIEW WITH DR. LORIN ANDERSON

https://youtu.be/5tRkGb_CK8A

SOURCES

Anderson, L. et, al. (2001) A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing 

https://www.uky.edu/~rsand1/china2018/texts/Anderson-Krathwohl%20-%20A%20taxonomy%20for%20learning%20teaching%20and%20assessing.pdf

Bloom, B. et, al. (1956). The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/PPP242/Benjamin%20S.%20Bloom%20-%20Taxonomy%20of%20Educational%20Objectives%2C%20Handbook%201_%20Cognitive%20Domain-Addison%20Wesley%20Publishing%20Company%20%281956%29.pdf

Encyclopedia.com The 1940s Education: Chronology

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1940s-education-chronology

Marzano, R.J., Kendall, J.S. (2007) The New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

http://dspace.vnbrims.org:13000/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4604/The-New-taxonomy-of-Educational-Objectives.pdf?sequence=1

Veritas Journal. (2019). The History of the Multiple-Choice Question

https://veritasjournal.org/2019/04/30/the-history-of-the-multiple-choice-question/#:~:text=The%20father%20of%20multiple%20choice,of%20gauging%20students'%20reading%20ability.

Are learning styles the product of cognitive style trends? Are they just learning preferences that impact learning outcomes? On this episode, I'm joined by Dan Hirt, a Canadian learning professional with a decade of experience providing learning solutions, and also host of the Mosby Learning podcast. Dan and I look at different views on the subject of learning styles, where does it come from and how can it be helpful for learning design.

Check out my Learning Objectives talk with Dan on Learning Expert Talks

Dan Hirt Profile

Mosby Learning Podcast

Research Sources

Clark D. (2009). Amazing Learning Styles Research. Retrieved January 6, 2022

Fleming, N. (2006). Learning Styles Again! VARKing Up the Right Tree

Rogowsky, B., et al. (2020). Providing Instruction Based on Students Learning Style Preference

Sternberg & Grigorenko (1997) Are Cognitive Styles Still In?

Veritasium (2021). The Biggest Myth in Education

Western Governor's University (2022) Learnings About Learning Styles

Educational or learning objectives have been a point of contention between teachers, educators and curriculum theorists. Most conversations in corporate learning about learning objectives often start with Bloom's Taxonomy, however, the work of Ralph W. Tyler precedes the original taxonomy by more than 20 years and gives us key insights on the importance of objectives in systemic instructional design. 

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SOURCES

Bloom's Taxonomy Interview with Lorin W. Anderson

 David Krathwohl A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy

ADDIE The Model That Never Was

Analysis of the G.I. Bill of Rights

Robert Mager Preparing Instructional Objectives

Ralph W Tyler's General Statement on Evaluation

RW Tyler and R. Gagne Perspectives on Curriculum Evaluation

What does the iconic Rosie the Riveter, the "J" programs,WWII and Lean methodology have in common? From 1940-1945, the United States had the benefit of establishing the Training Within Industry or TWI program. This program was led by industry executives C.R. Dooley, Walter Dietz, M.J. Kane and Glenn Gardiner who helped the World War II production effort. The evidence seen in the literature from this era shows early samples of models resembling the Analyze, Design, Develop, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) framework, job instruction cards or job aids, and performance-based training objectives templates. In this episode we explore the influence of TWI on today's practices and key lessons all business managers should heed to.

SOURCES

C.R. Dooley. (1945) Training Within Industry Report

Kirkpatrick, F. (1945). What TWI Has Learned About Developing Training Programs. Personnel, 6, 114-120.

L.A. Times. (2014).  Geraldine Hoff Doyle dies at 86; inspiration behind a famous wartime poster

Salas, A. (2022) Training Within Industry: A Historical Blindspot in Learning and Development

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The difference between an Instructional Designer and a content developer is in the capacity to analyze the need for training. Many of the problems encountered in the workplace are often not the result of lack of training or solved with training efforts. Luckily, we have a long trajectory of good practices beginning with Job Breakdown Lists from 1919 and the Training Within Industry (TWI) movement in the 1940s. Educational Psychologists like Robert Gagne also addressed the issue of job task analysis and even Thomas F. Gilbert, Robert Mager, and Robert Branson include variations of analysis approaches leading to the birth of ADDIE and Human Performance Technology or HPT. In this episode of StyleLearn Origins, we look at needs analyses involving the need for training, job/tasks, and target audience analysis.

Annette & Duncan's Task Analysis and Training Design

ADDIE, The Model That Never Was on LinkedIn

C.R. Allen, The Instructor, The Man and The Job

Thomas F. Gilbert, Human Competence

Training Within Industry Report 1940-1945

Most histories of corporate training or Learning and Development as it is known today, are missing the most detailed account of the establishment of modern training practices in history. The United States entered World War I late in 1917 and the war was over a little over a year after that. The shipyard building efforts were a big reason why the war ended and the training practices forged during this period were the work of Charles Ricketson Allen better known as CR Allen who was a prominent vocational educator and MIT graduate. CR Allen captured systemic instructional and best training practices still followed today during his time as part of the Emergency Fleet Corporation war effort. In this episode, I discuss the events that led to Mr. Allen's involvement and key highlights of training and development practices from his book The Instructor, the Man, and the Job.

You can find a free copy of CR Allen's book here

https://bit.ly/3VRT3kO

Building the Emergency Fleet by W.C. Mattox

https://bit.ly/3B8shNh

Vocational Education in a Society

https://bit.ly/3F2ZieO

TWI: A Historical Blindspot of Learning and Development

https://stylelearn.com/training-within-industry-a-historical-blind-spot-in-learning-and-development/

Reach out to Alex

https://www.linkedin.com/in/stylelearn/

Did you know that practically 90 percent of the practices followed in Learning and Development, Organizational Development and Instructional Design were established in the early 1900s? Welcome to the StyleLearn Origins podcast, a weekly exploration of the past of corporate learning and instructional designs with key insights for the future.

ABOUT ALEX SALAS

Venezuelan-born US Navy combat veteran Alex Salas, is an award-winning instructional designer, learning facilitator and eLearning developer with over 15 years of experience serving Fortune100 companies such as Philips Healthcare, Centene Corporation and Dell Technologies. Alex is also a learning technologies blogger and all around research geek in all things people development. On his spare time, Alex helps individuals gain digital corporate and instructional design skills as owner of StyleLearn Courses.

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