Suspense Radio

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For years it was felt that the DNA of identical twins was indeedidentical. Since they come from a single fertilized egg, this would seem intuitive. But, nature likes to throw curve balls—and the occasional slider. After that first division of the fertilized, and after the two daughter cells go their way toward producing identical humans, things change. And therein lies the genetic differences between two “identical” twins. 

LINKS:

One Twin Committed the Crime—but Which One?: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/science/twins-dna-crime-paternity.html 

The Claim: Identical Twins Have Identical DNA: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/health/11real.html 

The Genetic Relationship Between Identical Twins: https://www.verywellfamily.com/identical-twins-and-dna-2447117 

Identical Twins’ Genes Are Not Identical: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/identical-twins-genes-are-not-identical/ 

Rare Australian Twins Are “Semi-Identical,: Sharing 89 Percent of Their
DNA: https://www.inverse.com/article/53633-semi-identical-twins-share-78-percent-of-dna  

 From HOWDUNNIT:FORENSICS

Toxicology is a relativelynew science that stands on the shoulders of its predecessors: anatomy,
physiology, chemistry, and medicine. Our knowledge in these sciences had toreach a certain level of sophistication before toxicology could become areality. It slowly evolved over more than two hundred years of testing,starting with tests for arsenic.  

Arsenic had been a commonpoison for centuries, but there was no way to prove that arsenic was the
culprit in a suspicious death. Scientist had to isolate and then identify arsenic trioxide—the most common toxic form of arsenic— in the human body before arsenic poisoning became a provable cause of death. The steps that led to a reliable test for arsenic are indicative of how many toxicological procedures developed.  

1775: Swedish
chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786) showed that chlorine water would convert arsenic into arsenic acid. He then added metallic zinc and heated the mixture to release arsine gas. When this gas contacted a cold vessel, arsenic would collect on the vessel’s surface.  

1787: Johann
Metzger (1739–1805) showed that if arsenic were heated with charcoal, a shiny, black “arsenic mirror” would form on the charcoal’s surface.  

1806: Valentine
Rose discovered that arsenic could be uncovered in the human body. If the stomach contents of victims of arsenic poisoning are treated with potassium carbonate, calcium oxide, and nitric acid, arsenic trioxide results. This could then be tested and confirmed by Metzger’s test.  

1813: French
chemist Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853) developed a method for isolating arsenic from dog tissues. He also published the first toxicological text, Traité des poisons (Treatise on Poison), which helped establish toxicology as a true science.  

1821: Sevillas
used similar techniques to find arsenic in the stomach and urine of individuals who had been poisoned. This is marked as the beginning of the field of forensic toxicology.  

1836: Dr.
Alfred Swaine Taylor (1806–1880) developed the first test for arsenic in human tissue. He taught chemistry at Grey’s Medical School in England and is credited with establishing the field of forensic toxicology as a medical specialty.  

1836: James
Marsh (1794–1846) developed an easier and more sensitive version of Metzger’s original test, in which the “arsenic mirror” was collected on a plate of glass or porcelain. The Marsh test became the standard, and its principles were the basis of the more modern method known as the Reinsch test,
which we will look at later in this chapter. As you can see, each step in developing a useful testing procedure for arsenic stands on what discoveries came before. That’s the way science works. Step by step, investigators use what others have discovered to discover even more.  

Acute vs. Chronic Poisoning ...

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You never get a second chance to make a first impression. The same is
true for your fictional characters. So, make them vivid and memorial. How do
you do this? There are many ways. Let’s explore a few of them. 

Riding the Rap--Elmore Leonard

Ocala Police picked up Dale Crowe Junior for weaving, two o’clock in the
morning, crossing the center line and having a busted tail light. Then while
Dale was blowing a point-one-nine they put his name and date of birth into the
national crime computer and learned he was a fugitive felon, wanted on a
three-year-old charge of Unlawful Flight to Avoid Incarceration. A few days
later Raylan Givens, with the Marshals Service, came up from Palm Beach County
to take Dale back and the Ocala Police wondered about Raylan.

How come he was a federal officer and Dale Crowe Junior was wanted on a
state charge. He told them he was with FAST, the Fugitive Apprehension Strike
Team, assigned to the Sheriff’s Office in West Palm. And that was pretty much
all this Marshall said. They wandered too, since he was alone, how you’d be
able to drive and keep an eye on his prisoner. Dale Crowe Junior had been
convicted of a third-degree five-year felony, Battery of a Police Officer, and
was looking at additional time on the fugitive warrant. Dale Junior might feel
he had nothing to lose on this trip so. He was a rangy kid with the build of a
college athlete, bigger than this marshal in his blue suit and cowboy boots --
the marshal calm though, not appearing to be the least apprehensive. He said
the West Palm strike team were shorthanded at the moment, the reason he was
alone, but believed he would manage.

The Long Goodbye--Raymond Chandler

When I got home I mixed a stiff one and stood by the open window in the
living room and sipped it and listened to the groundswell of traffic on Laurel
Canyon Boulevard and looked at the glare of the big angry city hanging over the
shoulder of the hills through which the boulevard had been cut. Far off the
banshee wail of police or fire sirens rose and fell, never for very long
completely silent. Twenty four hours a day somebody is running, somebody else
is trying to catch him. Out there in the night of a thousand crimes, people
were dying, being maimed, cut by flying glass, crushed against steering wheels
or under heavy tires. People were being beaten, robbed, strangled, raped, and
murdered. People were hungry, sick; bored, desperate with loneliness or remorse
or fear, angry, cruel, feverish, shaken by sobs. A city no worse than others, a
city rich and vigorous and full of pride, a city lost and beaten and full of
emptiness. It all depends on where you sit and what your own private score is.
I didn’t have one. I didn’t care. I finished the drink and went to bed.

Trouble Is My Business—Raymond Chandler

(Marlowe meets Harriett Huntress—Chapter 3)

She wore a street dress...

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Somerset Maugham: There are three rules for novel writing. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are. 

Terry Brooks Rules

Read, Read, Read 

Outline, Outline, Outline 

Write, Write, Write 

Repeat 

Dave Barry: Don’t Be Boring

Elmore Leonard’s 10 Rules of Writing

1-Never open a book with weather 

2-Avoid prologues 

3-Never use a verb other than "said" to carry dialogue 

4-Never use an adverb to modify the verb “said” 

5-Keep your exclamation points under control. You are allowed no more than two or three per 100,000 words of prose 

6-Never use the words "suddenly" or "all hell broke loose 

7-Use regional dialect, patois, sparingly 

8-Avoid detailed descriptions of characters 

9-Don’t go into great detail describing places and things 

10-Try to leave out the part that readers tend to skip 

LINKS:

Elmore Leonard: “What a Guy,” says Jackie Collins 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/aug/21/elmore-leonard-what-a-guy-jackie-collins 

Writers On Writing: Easy on the Adverbs, Exclamation Points, and Especially Hooptedoodle by Elmore Leonard 

https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/16/arts/writers-writing-easy-adverbs-exclamation-points-especially-hooptedoodle.html 

Jack Kerouac’s 30 Tips: 

http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/kerouac-technique.html 

6...

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One pill makes you larger, and one pill makes you small  

And the ones that mother gives you, don't do anything at all  

Go ask Alice, when she's ten feet tall 

White Rabbit, The Jefferson Airplane 

  And then there was this excellent question from my friend and wonderful
writer Frankie Bailey that was published in SUSPENSE MAGAZINE as part of my
recurring Forensic Files column: 

What Drugs Might Cause Side Effects in My Character With Alice in
Wonderland Syndrome? 

Q: I have a question about Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) My
character is in his mid-30s. From what I've gathered from reading about this
syndrome, it is fairly common with children and with migraine sufferers and it
is controllable. However, I want my character to have side-effects. In other
words, even though the AIWS and his migraines are under control, he is
increasingly erratic. Insomnia, impotence, and irritability would all be a
bonus. Could he be dosing himself with some type of herb that he doesn't
realize would have these side-effects when combined with the medication
prescribed for AIWS. Or is there a medication for AIWS that might cause these
kind of side-effects but be subtle enough in the beginning that the person
becomes mentally unstable before he realizes something is wrong?  

FY Bailey 

A: Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is also known as Todd’s Syndrome. It is a
neurologic condition that leads to disorientation and visual and size
perception disturbances (micropsia and macropsia). This means that their
perception of size and distance is distorted. Much like Alice after she
descended into the rabbit hole and consumed the food and drink she was offered.
 

AIWS is associated with migraines, tumors, and some psychoactive drugs.
It is treated in a similar fashion to standard migraines with various
combinations of anticonvulsants, antidepressants, beta blockers, and calcium
channel blockers. Both anticonvulsants (Dilantin, the benzodiazepines such as
Valium and Xanax, and others) and antidepressants (the SSRIs like Lexpro and
Prozac, the MAOIs like Marplan and Nardil,, and the tricyclic antidepressants
like Elavil and Tofranil, and others) have significant psychological side
effects. Side effects such as insomnia, irritability, impotence, confusion,
disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behaviors of all
types–some aggressive and others depressive. Beta blockers can cause fatigue,
sleepiness, and impotence. The calcium channel blockers in general have fewer
side effects at least on a psychiatric level.  

As for herbs almost anything that would cause psychiatric affects could
have detrimental outcomes in your character. Cannabis, mushrooms, LSD, ecstasy,
and other hallucinogens could easily make his symptoms worse and his behavior
unpredictable. 

Your...

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Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is as much as 300 times more powerful than morphine sulfate. It can be injected, ingested, inhaled, and will even penetrate the skin.

It is used in medical situations frequently for pain management, sedation, and for twilight-anesthesia for things such as colonoscopies. 

Fentanyl is the number one cause of drug ODs.

Americans have a slightly higher than 1% chance of ultimately dying of an opioid overdose. That's better than one in 100 people. In fact, 60 people die every day from opioid ODs. That translates to over 22,000 per year. In fact, US life expectancy dropped slightly between 2016 and 2017 due to opioid overdoses.

Thirteen people suffered a mass OD at a party in Chico, Ca in January, 2019.

It is often added to other drugs such as heroin to “boost” the heroine effect. Unfortunately, Fentanyl is much more powerful than heroin and when the two are mixed it becomes a deadly combination. It’s also often added to meth and cocaine.

How powerful is fentanyl? A single tablespoon of it could kill as many as 500 people; 120 pounds as many as 25 million people. A recent bust, the largest in US history, recovered over 250 pounds of Fentanyl secreted in a truck crossing the US-Mexico border-—enough to kill 50 million people. 

When cops arrest people who possess or are transporting fentanyl they must take precautions not to touch or inhale the product as it could prove fatal. The opioid crises is the reason many cops carry Narcan (Naloxone) with them as either an injection or a nasal spray. It reverses the effects of narcotics very quickly. 

The “Dark Web” is a source for many things that can’t be purchased or the open market. Weapons, hitmen, and drugs. But even many of these dealers won’t deal Fentanyl. 

Could fentanyl be used as a weapon of terror? Absolutely. A fentanyl aerosol sprayed into a room of people could easily kill everyone present in a matter of minutes. It is a powerful narcotic that acts very quickly and depresses respiration so that people die from asphyxia. 

In 2002 a group of around 50 Chechen terrorists who took 850 people hostage in a Moscow theater. Many of the attackers were strapped with explosive vests. The standoff lasted 4 days until the Russians pumped Fentanyl-maybe carfentanil or remifentanil—through the vents and took everyone down. All the terrorists were killed but unfortunately over 200 of the hostages died before medical help could reach them. 

Carfentanil—-Been around since 1974 but just now entering the world of drug abuse. Used in darts as a large animal tranquilizer. AN analog of fentanyl but is 100X stronger.

The famous Kristin Rossum “American Beauty” case involved fentanyl.

LINKS:

Fentanyl Deaths Top Car Accidents: https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/01/15/accidental-opioid-deaths-top-car-accident-deaths-for-the-first-time/

Mass OD in Chico, CA: https://www.ems1.com/overdose/articles/393267048-Calif-mass-overdose-highlights-severe-new-phase-of-opioid-epidemic/

Narcan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone

Even many “Dark Web” Dealers won’t sell Fentanyl: http://www.newser.com/story/268019/even-dark-web-dealers-refuse-to-sell-this-drug.html

Fentanyl As Terror Weapon: https://www.breitbart.com/asia/2019/01/03/report-experts-insist-opioid-fentanyl-could-be-used-as-tool-of-terror/

Fentanyl as WMD: https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/killer-opioid-fentanyl-could-be-a-weapon-of-mass-destruction#gs.UwnsSzO8

Carfentanil Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfentanil

Kristin Rossum Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Rossum

 SHOW NOTES:
 

Here in the 21st century we know a great deal about infectious diseases. We can treat bacterial
infections with antibiotics, immunize people against numerous diseases,
understand how viruses work, and have a huge fund of knowledge about surgical
sterility and disease prevention. This was not always the case. In fact, in the
history of medicine, all of this is fairly new.  

During the 14th century, Europeans didn’t understand infectious diseases so when the Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death, struck, they had no understanding of what was
going on, how to prevent it, and, more importantly, how to treat it. They were
at the mercy of a bacterium that currently is easily treatable. The Black Death
killed between a third and a half of the population of Europe and dramatically
altered the trajectory of world history.  

 Simply put they say: 

1-If an organism is causing a disease, it must be present in those who suffer from the disease and
not in those who are healthy. 

2-The suspected organism must be isolated from the diseased individual and grown in culture. 

3-The cultured organism must then be given to a healthy individual and reproduce the disease. 

4-The organism must then be isolated from this newly diseased individual and identified. 

Each of these steps is necessary to show that a particular organism causes a particular disease and is transmissible from one person to another. Basically, this is how infectious diseases work. 

Unfortunately, Koch’s Postulates were not put forward until the 1880s, a couple of decades after the
Civil War.  

During the Civil War, almost any battlefield injury could lead to death, most often from a secondary
wound infection. A gunshot to the leg, or arm, or really anywhere could become infected quite easily and this infection could spread through the entire body causing sepsis, which would ultimately lead to death. More soldiers died from infection than from their injuries. Surgeons at that time understood the danger of infections, even though they didn’t know what caused it, and had no clue how to prevent or treat them. This meant that serious limb injuries were treated with amputation. Get rid of the injured limb and hopefully lessen the possibility of a secondary infection. Of course, post-surgical infections were also common and also lead to death. 

Not only were sterile techniques and antibiotics unavailable at that time, but also any form of
anesthesia was not to be found on most battlefields. Ether was around, having been first demonstrated by William T. G. Morton in 1846, but it’s use and availability wasn’t widespread. This means that a battlefield surgeon’s best skill was speed. Sort of the surgical equivalent of "ripping off the Band-Aid." Any surgery was agony and the quicker it was done, and the sooner it was over, the better for the victim. And the...

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“Good fences make good neighbors”—Robert Frost,”Mending Wall”  

I suspect Ryan Felton Sauter’s neighbor, Keith Monroe, would agree.  

People commit murder for a host of reasons. Things like financial gain, revenge, lust, anger, to cover
another crime, and many other motives. It seems that these motives can even
include a dispute with the dude who parked his RV next to yours.  

All sorts of weapons are used for committing murder. Guns, knives, poisons, explosives, ligatures,
drownings, and gentle pushes off buildings or cliffs. Oh, don't forget
rattlesnakes. This seems to be what Mr. Sauter decided to employ. Simply
slipping the reptile into his neighbors RV might not work since rattlesnakes
make that buzzing noise to warn people away. So, wouldn't it be best to simply
remove the rattle. And I guess the best way for that is to bite it off.

You simply can't make this stuff up. 

But snakebites are not always the result of some criminal activity. In fact, they rarely are. Most
snakebites occur accidentally. Hunters and hikers know this all too well. As a
kid growing up in Alabama, and stomping around in the woods on a daily basis, I
knew snakes well. I knew which ones to avoid and which ones were harmless. A
black racer was scary and fast, but harmless. Stumble on a rattlesnake or a
copperhead and that's a different story. And until you've seen a water
moccasin, or as we call them cottonmouth, you haven't seen an evil looking
serpent. These guys are thick, dark, and prehistoric looking. And very
dangerous. Yes, they can bite you in the water. So before you jump into that
swimming hole deep in the woods, you better make some noise and shake up the
water run off any cottonmouth might be around.  

But other people are bitten while they are handling snakes. I don't mean just biologist or
herpetologist, those that study these creatures, but also those who use them in
religious ceremonies. You might think that snake handling is a thing of the
past and something that is only found in the South, but that's not true. There
are still several snake handling churches from coast-to-coast. Even though in
many locations snake owning and handling is not legal, the laws get shaky when
it's under the guise of religion. 

Their justifications come from Mark 16:17-18  

"And these signs
shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they
shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink
any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and
they shall recover.” 

Snake handling in churches is often traced back to 1910 when George Went Hensley began incorporating them into his services at his Church of God with Signs Following. Many others have
followed in his footsteps. And many have been bitten such as John Wayne,
“Punkin” Brown and Jamie Coots, whose son Cody was also bitten while preaching
but saved when...

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Head Trauma
(Direct, Infectious, Anoxic, Vascular) 

Physical Abnormalities 

Behavioral Changes 

Language/Communication 

Brain Lobes:

Frontal:
Controls personality, emotions, intellect, judgement, problem solving,
attention, organizing, social skills

Broca’s Area: Speech,
writing, particularly expressing

Parietal:
Controls motor and sensory functions, and helps with vision and hearing

Temporal:
Language, memory, emotions, perceptions

Wernicke’s Area:

Impacts speech formation and understanding

Occipital:
Vision 

Aphasia:
Receptive and expressive  

Memory:

Short Term: Prefrontal Cortex 

Long Term: Hippocampus in Temporal Lobe 

Amnesia: Global Partial, Retrograde, Anterograde 

LINKS:

Brain Anatomy: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm 

Head Injury and Communication: https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/effects-of-brain-injury/communication-problems/ 

Aphasia: https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/effects-of-brain-injury/communication-problems/language-impairment-aphasia/ 

Hannah Jenkins Case:

Newser:

SHOW NOTES:

The opening passages tell the reader the type of world they are entering and what they can expect.

The opening might give character insights, setting, and the basics of the crime—and reveal the voice.

What’s the difference between mood and tone?

Tone is the author’s attitude

Mood is the atmosphere and emotion the author creates

So, tone reflects the author’s attitude while mood is how the reader feels about the story.

Mood and Tone can be revealed through word choice, sentence structure, formal vs informal writing, point of view, objective vs subjective, rhythm, setting, action, dialog, voice—in short, all the tools of storytelling.

Like other fiction, mood and tone in crime stories runs the gamut—dark, light, noir, cozy, suspenseful, humorous, quirky, creepy, supernatural, you name it.

Examples:

The Long Goodbye--Raymond Chandler

When...