Doug McHoney (PwC’s International Tax Services Global Leader) is joined by Chris Desmond, leader of PwC’s US Global Trade Services practice and, as Doug notes, a ‘reformed transfer pricing partner.’ Doug and Chris discuss the current fragmented trade environment, why tariffs may remain a lasting feature rather than a short cycle, rising customs enforcement, the Supreme Court’s IEEPA decision and the operational complexity of securing refunds, and how companies should assess gross-versus-net refund exposure across suppliers and customers. They also cover why the tariff environment is forcing customs, tax, and transfer pricing teams to work more closely together, how first sale operates and why it remains under scrutiny, and practical steps tax leaders should take on coordination, data, and documentation.