"Budapest lay athwart the main entry route to Austria and Bohemia. It was the main railway hub of the region and also the largest Danubian port. The Red Army could not bypass it. This was the first time in the war that the Red Army had to lay siege to a major city." 

The Red Army assaults the capital of nazi Germany’s final remaining partner in the Second World War. The war appears to be almost lost—but that’s seen through hindsight. No one at the time knew that.

Map 1: The Eastern Front, December 1944

Map 2: Germany’s eastern and western fronts, 1 December 1944

Map 3: The Petsamo-Kirkenes operation in northern Finland

Map 4: The Red Army attacks BudapestOperation Konrad II

People

Mihai I, King of Romania, 1944–1947

Miklos Horthy, Regent of Hungary

Miklos Horthy Jr.

Ference Szalasi, nazi dictator of Hungary, 1944–1945

Edmund Veesenmayer, Hitler’s “Special Envoy” to Hungary, 1944–1945

SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch, commander of IX SS Mountain Corps

Historical photos: Fighting in Budapest  

Sources

Antony Beevor, The Second World War. New York, NY, USA: Little, Brown and Company, 2012. 

Evan Mawdsley, Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. 

Anthony Tucker-Jones, Slaughter on the Eastern Front: Hitler and Stalin’s War, 1941–1945. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press, 2017.

Morse code by Thane Brown

Music composed and recorded by Nicolas Bury

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