In this episode, Alba Ribera Martínez interviews Todd Davies, a former Google engineer and competition law scholar, about the implications of AI Overviews in Google Search. They explore how AI features are transforming search dynamics, competition concerns, and potential regulatory responses.

Find Todd's and Spencer Cohen's paper, Opt-out Remedies Will Not Fix AI Overviews here: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpag025.

Throughout the conversation, we touched upon a few topics relating to the deployment of AI Overviews on Search. Click on them below to access them directly:

- Google's introduction of AI Overviews: https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/generative-ai-google-search-may-2024/.

- Google's experience researchers, often known as User Experience (UX) Researchers, are professionals dedicated to understanding how people interact with technology to build better, more inclusive products for everyone. They conduct in-depth studies, including interviews, surveys, and usability tests, to inform the design and functionality of Google products.

- The European Commission's sanctioning of Google for its conduct in the Google Shopping vertical: https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/39740/39740_14996_3.pdf.

- AI Overviews Impact on Traffic: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jul/24/ai-summaries-causing-devastating-drop-in-online-news-audiences-study-finds.

- Click-through rates decrease as a consequence of the introduction of AI Overviews: https://searchengineland.com/google-ai-overviews-hurt-click-through-rates-454428.

- European Commission's cases against Google's AI Overviews: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/ip_25_2964.

- The General Court's ruling in the EC's Google Android case, para 1028: https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/document?source=document&text=&docid=265421&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=100147.

- The relevance of secondary reporting, as illustrated by TV series: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt35615598/.

- Grounding in AI is the process of connecting an AI model's abstract, probabilistic language outputs to verified, real-world data and context. It acts as a "reality check" to prevent hallucinations (invented content), ensuring answers are accurate, relevant, and backed by specific information.

- Madhavi Singh and Fiona Scott Morton's paper, A Roadmap for a Monopolization Case against Google: Monopsony Power and AI Overviews: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6303280.

To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.

She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

In this episode, Dario García de Viedma discusses Mythos, an AI model capable of identifying and exploiting software vulnerabilities autonomously. The conversation explores the risks of AI in cybersecurity, its impact on open source ecosystems, geopolitical dependencies in AI development, and regulatory challenges.

Darío published two articles (only available in Spanish) on Anthropic's Claude Mythos at El País (https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2026-05-03/claude-mythos-la-ia-frente-a-la-ciberdelincuencia-a-escala-y-los-limites-de-la-seguridad-nacional.html) and at Real Instituto Elcano (https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/comentarios/mythos-automatizacion-y-concentracion-de-la-ciberseguridad/).

We discussed several developments that have taken place in the field of cybersecurity, namely:

- CrowdStrike's upload of a faulty content update, triggering a global IT outage affecting approximately 8.5 million Windows devices: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpe3zgznwjno.

- Anthropic's Project Glasswing to distribute thousands of tokens across private actors: https://www.anthropic.com/glasswing.

- 70-90% of software applications depend on open source components: https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/blog/a-summary-of-census-ii-open-source-software-application-libraries-the-world-depends-on.

- Anthropic has already provided access to the Pentagon with access to Mythos: https://cryptobriefing.com/pentagon-pushes-ai-first-strategy-boosting-anthropic-mythos-prospects/.

- AI Security Institute report on Mythos: https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/our-evaluation-of-claude-mythos-previews-cyber-capabilities.

- The Pax Silica alliance: https://www.state.gov/pax-silica.

To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.

She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

This interview explores the complex challenges of protecting children in the digital age, focusing on platform design, legislation, and future strategies for safeguarding young users online, in a conversation with Sørine Vesth Rasmussen.

We discussed a few developments surrounding child protection online. You can skip directly to any one of them through the links below:

- Mark Zuckerberg recognising that Meta is in the ads business: https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/mark-zuckerberg-gives-orrin-hatch-quick-explainer-facebook-202404519.html.

- Study showing that 50% of Danish children had their own social media profile before they turned the age of 10: https://bornsvilkar.dk/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Rapport-engelsk-v2.pdf.

- A report on how much social media makes for each Danish child: https://copenhageneconomics.com/publication/big-tech-revenue-children-denmark/.

- The impact of social media use on children (i.e., on the development of their prefrontal cortex): https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63566-y.

- The DSA Article 28 Guidelines on protection of minors: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-publishes-guidelines-protection-minors.

- The Spanish Government's proposal of a law to ban social media for minors below 16: https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/paginas/2026/20260203-world-governments-summit.aspx.

- The EU announces new verification technology, such as digital wallets and ID scans: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-sets-out-common-approach-eu-wide-age-verification-technologies.

- Report showing that half of the content on large digital platforms has commercial intent: https://commission.europa.eu/publications/behavioural-study-advertising-and-marketing-practices-social-media_en.

- Discussions on social media bans in Denmark (https://www.biometricupdate.com/202604/denmark-imposes-age-checks-to-restrict-social-media-to-kids-under-15), Greece (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgx1x742x5o) and Portugal (https://www.euronews.com/next/2026/02/13/portugal-green-lights-restrictions-for-social-media-access-for-children-under-16).

- The Jutland Declaration states that Member States want an age limit for social media: https://danish-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/en/news/eu-ministers-united-minors-must-be-protected-better-online/.

- The Australian approach towards protecting children online: https://www.pm.gov.au/media/protecting-children-digital-age.

To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.

She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

I discussed with Giovanni De Gregorio the enforcement challenges surrounding the EU's AI Act, the impact of digital regulation, and the role of codes of conduct in ensuring compliance and predictability in AI and platform regulation.

In our conversation, Giovanni highlighted a few developments relating to the DSA and the AI Act decision and policy-making action in the EU. You can visit them directly here:

- The EU's digital omnibus simplification strategy: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-omnibus-regulation-proposal.

- The Court of Justice's Meta ruling on the principle of close cooperation: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62021CJ0252.

- The EDPS' proposal of a Digital Clearinghouse 2.0: https://www.edps.europa.eu/data-protection/our-work/subjects/digital-clearinghouse-20_en.

- Giovanni's book on Digital Constitutionalism in Europe: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/digital-constitutionalism-in-europe/A3F61C6368D17D953457234B8A59C502.

- The European Commission's preliminary findings on the addictive design of TikTok: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-preliminarily-finds-tiktoks-addictive-design-breach-digital-services-act.

- The Code of Practice on Disinformation (2022): https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation.

- The General-Purpose AI Code of Pratice: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai.

- First Draft Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/first-draft-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content.

- Giovanni's work alongside Pietro Dunn on 'The European risk-based approaches: Connecting constitutional dots in the digital age': https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Common+Market+Law+Review/59.2/COLA2022032.

To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.

She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

This interview explores how digital platforms act as quasi-governmental actors, transforming sovereignty, authority, and security in the international order. Lisandro Licari discusses the implications of technological power, hybrid governance, and strategies for national strategic autonomy in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.If you're interested in reading Lisandro's work on the topic, see here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/403078298_Tecnologia_y_poder_en_el_siglo_XXI_La_reconfiguracion_de_la_soberania_la_autoridad_y_la_seguridad_en_la_era_de_las_grandes_tecnologicas?channel=doi&linkId=69c25aea3c618943066a37c6&showFulltext=true. In our conversation, we also commented on a few developments surrounding the topic of sovereignty. You can visit them directly here: - 13:21, The US and UK detach their 5G network from Huawei: https://time.com/5866643/uk-huawei-5g-ban/.- 14:37, Brazil's judiciary meets social network X: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y3rnl5qv3o.To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

In this interview, with Amazon's Chris Meyers, Associate General Counsel in EU Competition Law at Amazon, we discussed the implications of the Bundeskartellamt's most recent case against it, sanctioning its price-gouging mechanisms as hindering competition and harming consumers. The public version of the decision has not been made available yet, but the German competition authority published a press release noting a few of its main tenets, find it here: https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2026/26_02_05_Amazon.html?nn=48916. Amazon's official position, once the Bundeskartellamt issued the press release can be found in the following link: https://www.aboutamazon.de/news/company-news/amazon-preismechanismen. **Chris also wishes to note that the case was primarily based on Section 19a, but also includes 102, where it is clear that competitive harm and the consumer welfare standard should be applied.In our conversation, we also commented on a few developments and remarks coming from the European Commission and the FCO, find them below directly: - 00:26, The Bundeskartellamt triggers its first MFN case in 2013: https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2013/26_11_2013_Amazon-Verfahrenseinstellung.html?nn=219148. - 03:08, The FCO's designation of Amazon as an undertaking with paramount significance across markets abiding by the terms of Section 19a GWB: https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2022/06_07_2022_Amazon.html?nn=219148. - 06:35, Former Commissioner Vestager highlights that the DMA is passed to enhance the single market: https://www.reuters.com/technology/tech-rules-not-just-few-giants-eus-vestager-says-2021-07-02/. - 07:08, Current chair of the Bundeskartellamt points out the German competition authority's enforcement against Amazon relied on a "thin line" with regard to its overlap with the DMA: https://www.mlex.com/mlex/articles/2446713. - 08:47, Amazon's previous encounter with the Italian competition authority on the issue of MFNs: https://en.agcm.it/en/media/press-releases/2021/12/A528. Key moments00:00 The Amazon Case and the German competition authority's enforcement02:49 The Investigation Timeline and Regulatory Shift04:22 Overlap Between Section 19(a) and DMA06:58 Conflicting Goals of EU Regulations08:20 The German Case and Theory of Harm10:34 Disgorgement of Economic Benefits and Legal Challenges14:11 Reconciling Economic Benefits and Regulatory EnforcementTo learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.She specifically wrote about the case on the latest issue of the DMA Agora: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/bee-bundeskartellamts-bonnet-amazon-fined-its-price-ribera-mart%C3%ADnez-0vefe/?trackingId=n1nLv%2F2%2FTfycFLA%2BwxWjJw%3D%3D.

In this conversation, we discuss the European Commission's recent specification proceedings against Google under the Digital Markets Act (DMA), which touches upon its AI features. We explore the implications of vertical interoperability, the role of operating systems in AI development, and the challenges of ensuring fair competition in the rapidly evolving AI landscape. The discussion highlights the need for regulatory measures to prevent monopolisation and promote contestability in digital markets, particularly as AI technologies continue to advance.Throughout the conversation, we also remark on the European Commission's previous specification proceeding, brought against Apple under the vertical interoperability obligation. You can find it here: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/commission-starts-first-proceedings-specify-apples-interoperability-obligations-under-digital-2024-09-19_en.To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

In this conversation, we talked through the implications of Article 6(11) of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and its impact on data access for search engines, particularly focusing on Google's compliance and the competitive landscape. The discussion highlights consumer behaviour in search engine usage, the challenges posed by Google's dominance, and the procedural aspects of implementing the DMA. Key themes include the negotiation dynamics between Google and access seekers, the role of AI chatbots in data access, and the future of search engines in a rapidly evolving digital environment.Jasper recently published: 1. A paper on Article 6(11) DMA, to be found here: https://core.lexxion.eu/data/article/20576/pdf/core_2025_04-005.pdf.2. His book on 'Regulating Competition in the Digital Network Industry': https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/regulating-competition-in-the-digital-network-industry/0E8D7AB947EBF0209BA264AC051D38F6.Throughout the conversation, we also remarked on a few developments surrounding the application of Article 6(11) DMA, see them here by directly navigating:- 00:05, The European Commission's triggering of specification proceedings: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_202.- 03:40, The remedies in the DOJ's case against Google: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-wins-significant-remedies-against-google.- 05:10, Google's approach towards Article 6(11) compliance: https://storage.googleapis.com/transparencyreport/report-downloads/pdf-report-bb_2024-3-7_2025-3-6_en_v1.pdf.- 06:46, Apple's specification proceedings on Article 6(7) DMA: https://ec.europa.eu/competition/digital_markets_act/cases/202538/DMA_100203_1809.pdf.To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

In this episode, I explore the challenges of regulating AI in the context of data monopolists and the inadequacies of traditional regulatory frameworks. It argues for a shift towards computational techniques that can enhance market contestability while preserving innovation. You'll find the fully-fledged paper on SSRN, available here: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5686284. To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

Happy New Year to all! Today, I wanted to share a few thoughts for those who will be working harder through the academic year, the PhDs. In less than 10 minutes, I summarise the main takeaways that I would give to any PhD student facing four years (or more) of research, writing, and conferencing. Let me hear your thoughts on the comments section below, by sharing your own PhD experience or addressing additional questions (if I have not covered those). Feel free to contact me on LinkedIn via DM, if you'd like to remain anonymous. It would be great to have enough questions/comments to prepare a follow-up video covering any additional worries. To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.