The History of Ceramics

How Art Nouveau transformed Parisian Architecture.  In this episode we travel to France to meet Hector Guimard the father of French Art Nouveau and the sweeping organic forms that came to define one of the most exciting eras in European culture.
We’ll be exploring how ceramic tiles became a  key element in the architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and we venture underground, down into the Paris Metro where to this day tiles continue to reign supreme.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Hector Guimard, 1867–1942

Café-Restaurant Au Grand Neptune, 1888, Hector Guimard

Tassel House, Brussels, 1892—93,  Victor Horta
Photo: kat_hly.1608 / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

Illustrations to Salome by Oscar Wilde,  Aubrey Beardsley

The Art Nouveau Bing Pavilion, Paris Exposition, 1900, Siegfried Bing
Courtesy of V&A Museum

Castel Béranger, 1895—98, Hector Guimard
Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 1.0)

Alexandre Bigot, 1862—1927
Photo: Absecon 59 / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Inside Castel Béranger, 1895—98, Hector Guimard

29 Avenue Rapp, Paris, 1899—1901
Photo: marsupilami92 / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
Photo: Pline / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Maison Coilliot, 1898—1900

Illustrations to Salome by Oscar Wilde, Aubrey Beardsley

Porte Dauphine Metro Station, Paris, 1900
Photo :Jean-Pierre Dalbéra / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

Abbesses Metro Station, Paris, 1913
Hector Guimard — Andrzej O / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Thesupermat / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Porte Dauphine Metro Station, Paris, 1900

For more great art content visit www.heni.com or visit the Heni Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene
Additional Research: Catherine Ingram
Editor: Alessandro  Ruocco
Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

Chapters:

00:00 Introduction: Hector Guimard and French Art Nouveau
00:25 Tile as Architecture: The Third Component of Ceramics
03:57 Guimard's Early Life and Training in the Decorative Arts
08:34 The 1889 Paris World's Fair and New Technologies
10:38 Travels to London and Brussels: Discovering Art Nouveau
12:54 Defining Art Nouveau: Curvilinear Lines and Organic Forms
18:06 Art Nouveau as the First Modernism
19:48 Castel Béranger: Guimard's First Major Building
22:03 The Golden Age of Tile: Technology and Innovation
29:43 Alexandre Bigot: The Chemistry Teacher Turned Ceramic Artist
36:17 Maison Coilliot: Ceramic Architecture in Lille
43:51 The Paris Metro Commission: Art for the People
46:55 Designing the Metro Stations: Cast Iron and Subway Tile
52:38 Controversy and Politics: Art Nouveau Under Fire
55:20 The Decline of Art Nouveau and Rise of Nationalism
1:00:23 Guimard's Later Years and Legacy

How did Wedgwood combine pottery with politics? Paul Greenhalgh is joined by Sir Tristram Hunt to discuss the life and work of potter and abolitionist Josiah Wedgwood who created one of the most famous ceramic companies in British history.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Dinner Plate ‘Frog Service’, 1773, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Plate ‘Frog Service’, 1773–1774, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Portland Vase, 1790, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Vase (Creamware), 1764–68, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N., Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788

Algernon Talmage

Medallion, 1790–95, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Vase (Black Basalt), 1775–80, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Milk Jug, 1785—95, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Saucer, 1795—1810 , Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Portrait Medallion, 1775–80, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Vase, Circa 1800—10, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Dancing Hours Plaque, 1778, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons and John Flaxman

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Dancing Hours Salt Cellar, 1786—90, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons and John Flaxman

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Vase, Circa 1800—10, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Teapot and cover (Black Basalt), 1810, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Bust (Black Basalt), 1770–80, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Teapot (Caneware), 18th Century, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Edward Gibbon, 1737–94

Portland Vase, Circa 1–25 AD

Portland Vase, 1790, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

Josiah Wedgwood statue, Stoke-on-Trent, 1862–3, Edward Davis

Anti-slavery medallion, Circa 1787, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Courtesy of V&A Museum

For more great art content visit www.heni.com or visit the Heni Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: Josiah Wedgwood - Turning Pottery into Politics
• 00:01:32 The London Shop and Marketing Genius
• 00:04:26 Art Meets Commerce: Wedgwood's Philosophy
• 00:06:12 Global Ambition: 80% Export Market
• 00:11:29 Countering Porcelain: Creamware vs European Tradition
• 00:13:09 Black Basalt and the Innovation of Jasperware
• 00:15:40 John Flaxman and Ceramics as High Art
• 00:20:03 The Portland Vase: Artistic Triumph and Commercial Challenge
• 00:22:03 Free Trade and Empire: A Businessman's Contradictions
• 00:24:34 Radical Patriotism: Politics and Revolution
• 00:29:24 The Abolition Badge: Pottery Against Slavery
• 00:35:37 Legacy and Decline: After Josiah's Death in 1795
• 00:40:27 The Wedgwood Brand: Surviving 200 Years of Mismanagement
• 00:43:16 Conclusion: Wedgwood's Enduring Importance to Ceramic History

How did Wedgwood create one of the most famous ceramic companies in British history?  And what fueled his obsession with science and experimentation?  Join Paul Greenhalgh is joined by Sir Tristram Hunt to discuss 18th century England and  the life and work of potter, scientist and abolitionist in part 1 of a 2 part series on Josiah Wedgwood.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Josiah Wedgwood, 1730—17

Soup Tureen with Lid (Creamware), Circa 1770—80, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Terrine With Lid and Saucer (Creamware), Circa 1800—15, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

Platter (Creamware), Circa 1780., Josiah Wedgwood & Sons

The First Day's Vase (Black Basalt), 1769, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons
Courtesy of V&A Museum

Dinner Plate ‘Frog Service’, 1773, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons
Courtesy of V&A Museum

Platter ‘Frog Service’, 1773—74, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons
Courtesy of V&A Museum

Plate ‘Frog Service’, 1773—74, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons
Courtesy of V&A Museum

"To see this and all our episodes go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the Heni Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks"

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene
Additional Research: Catherine Ingram
Editor: Alessandro  Ruocco
Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

In this episode Paul and Stephanie discuss how Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour, and Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette's passion for porcelain created one of the most famous and revered names in the history of ceramics, Sèvres.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Tureen (Japanese Kakiemon style), 1725–51, Chantilly Porcelain Manufactory

Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Tureen, 1749–50, Vincennes Porcelain Manufactory

Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Madame de Pompadour, 1756, François Boucher

Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Madame de Pompadour, 1759, François Boucher

Postcard – Sèvres – National Sèvres Manufactory – Gilding Workshop

Wikimedia Commons (French Open Licence 1.0)

Dinner Plate, 1788, Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory

Tureen (Rococo Style), 1758, Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Bleu Céleste Vase, 1779, Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory

Walters Art Museum, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Circa 1890 Charles Louis Müller

Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)

Bleu Céleste Dinner Plates (Manchester Service), 1776–83, Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory

The Louis XVI Dinner Service, 1783—93 , Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory

"To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the Heni Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks"

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: Power, Porcelain and Prestige at Sèvres
• 00:02:02 The European Porcelain Race and France's Soft-Paste Experiments
• 00:07:07 The Birth of Vincennes: Defectors and Royal Patronage
• 00:09:25 Madame de Pompadour: The Power Behind Sèvres
• 00:13:30 The Move to Sèvres and Royal Ownership
• 00:14:43 Inside the Sèvres Factory: Division of Labor and Craftsmanship
• 00:24:42 The Rococo Style: Opulence and Decadence
• 00:27:38 Porcelain as Diplomatic Currency: The Bedford and Manchester Services
• 00:31:46 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Take the Throne
• 00:40:10 The Most Extravagant Service Ever Made
• 00:45:59 Revolution and the Fall of the Monarchy
• 00:48:44 Sèvres Survives: From Royal to National Manufactory
• 00:52:40 Napoleon and the Continuing Legacy of Sèvres

How did an alchemist discover the recipe for porcelain? And why did his discovery ultimately drive him mad? Join Paul Greenhalgh and Stephanie Rozene as they pick up the story of Europe’s obsession with porcelain and the race to discover its secret formula. Stranger than fiction this is another great story in the history of ceramics.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

King Augustus II the Strong, 1670–1733

Johann Friedrich Böttger, 1682–1719

Friedrich Zorn, 1711–89

King Frederick I of Prussia, 1657–1713

Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, 1651–1708

Plate, Circa 1730–35, Meissen Manufactory

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Vase with cover, 1725, Meissen Manufactory

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Vase, 1710 –13, Meissen Manufactory

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Tea caddy, 1710 –13, Meissen Manufactory

To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the Heni Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

• 00:00:00 Introduction: The Race for Porcelain Continues
• 00:02:21 Augustus the Strong: The Porcelain-Obsessed Ruler
• 00:06:37 Enter Johann Friedrich Böttger: The Young Alchemist
• 00:12:11 The Fateful Demonstration and Escape to Saxony
• 00:15:12 Imprisoned by Augustus: The Gold House Laboratory
• 00:19:13 Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus: The Scientific Mind
• 00:20:44 Dark Days: Failed Promises and Attempted Escape
• 00:28:41 The Turning Point: Discovery of Kaolin
• 00:31:41 The Breakthrough: Creating European Porcelain
• 00:41:46 Freedom and Legacy: Böttger's Final Years
• 00:44:51 The Ironic Twist: China's Secrets Revealed

How did Europe become obsessed with porcelain?  And who would win the race to discover the secret formula for this “white gold?”  In this episode Paul Greenhalgh and Stephanie Rozene travel from Marco Polo’s China to the courts and palaces of Europe, where this mysterious material bewitched all those that encountered it.    

Artworks featured in this episode:

King Louis XIV

King William III & Queen Mary II

A late 17th-century engraving of a porcelain room in the style popularised by Mary II

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Porcelain Room, Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Germany

Marco Polo

Unglazed Ewer (Earthenware) 9th–10th century

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Francesco de' Medici, 1541—87

Bowl with Variation of 'Baba Nakkas' Design, Circa 1500—25

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Iznik Mosque Lamp (Turkey) 1585—95

Courtesy of The Cleveland Museum of Art

Potpourri jar (France)Circa 1690—95

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Terracotta Jug, Circa 1400–1190 BC

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Maiolica Plate (Italy), Circa 1500

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Handled Vase (Spain), 17th Century

Rouen Faience Jug (France), Circa 1720 - Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Pilgrim Flask (Italy), Circa 1580, Medici Porcelain Manufactory

King Augustus II the Strong, 1670–1733

To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the Heni Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: White Gold - The Race for Porcelain
• 00:01:00 Porcelain Fever: Europe's Obsession with China
• 00:04:12 The Magical Properties of Porcelain
• 00:06:20 Status Symbol of Monarchs: Porcelain Rooms and Collections
• 00:08:34 The Portuguese Trade Route and China's Monopoly
• 00:09:57 Marco Polo and the Mystery of Porcelain
• 00:15:02 What Porcelain Actually Is: The Science Revealed
• 00:19:04 Early European Attempts: Medici Porcelain and Soft Paste
• 00:21:36 The Failed Experiments: Grinding Shells and Burying Clay
• 00:25:58 Tin Glaze Traditions: Maiolica, Faience, and Delftware
• 00:30:02 The Race Intensifies: Setting Up for Discovery

Why were Korean potters kidnapped and held hostage by Japanese invaders?  And how did they transform the history of Japanese ceramics?  In this episode Paul Greenhalgh and Stephanie Rozene explore the complicated relations between Korea and Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries, and show how ceramics became a major factor in the bitter conflict between the two of them during what has become known as the Ceramic Wars.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Maebyeong Vase, Late 13th Century

Stoneware carving and filling with white and black slip.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Cropped) - Wikimedia Commons

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Kodai Temple - Wikimedia Commons

Toyotomi Hideyoshi on his horse - Wikimedia Commons

Wine Ewer, First half of the 13th Century

Shigaraki climbing kiln - Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Water Jar, 17th Century

Noborigama, Tokoname - Wikimedia Commons

Raku Tea Bowl, Circa 1600

Ko Tamba Ware Water Jar, Mid 1500’s

Shigaraki Ware Vessel, 15th Century

Arita Ware Hexagonal Jars, Late 17th Century

Shigaraki Ware Vessel, 15th Century

Dish Depicting Lady with a Parasol, 1734—1737

Hagi Ware Tea Bowl, 19th Century - Freer Gallery of Art, Wikimedia Commons

Hagi Ware Tea Bowl, 20th Century - Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

"To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the HENI Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks"

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: The Ceramic Wars
• 00:01:05 East Asia in the 16th Century: Three Powers
• 00:03:55 Korean Ceramics: The Beauty of Seladon
• 00:09:33 Japanese Ceramics Before the Wars
• 00:09:54 Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Unification of Japan
• 00:15:10 The Japanese Invasions of Korea Begin
• 00:18:31 The Enslavement of Korean Potters
• 00:20:02 Korean Potters Transform Japanese Ceramics
• 00:23:08 Arita: The Birth of Japanese Porcelain
• 00:26:59 Satsuma Ware and Korean Innovation
• 00:30:54 Hagi Ware and the Tea Ceremony
• 00:37:15 Legacy and Lasting Tensions

How did Picasso discover pottery? And how did he transform the fortunes of an ancient town in the process?  Join Paul Greenhalgh and Stephanie Rozene to discuss Picasso’s life in the South of France just after the Second World War where he found a new and exciting creative outlet bringing together painting and sculpture and in doing so transformed the history of art.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Guernica, 1937 by Pablo Picasso

Head Plate, 1957 by Pablo Picasso

"Tete au Masque" Plate, 1956 by Pablo Picasso

Owl Pitcher, 1957 by Pablo Picasso

Three Sardines, 1947 by Pablo Picasso

Bull In The Arena, 1948 by Pablo Picasso

Vase with Two High Handles, The Queen, 1953 by Pablo Picasso

To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the HENI Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: Picasso the Potter
• 00:00:53 The Dark Years: Picasso During World War II
• 00:05:27 Discovering Vallauris: A Holiday That Changed Everything
• 00:07:41 The Madoura Pottery and First Experiments
• 00:11:23 Working with Clay: Technique and Collaboration
• 00:14:04 Picasso's Ceramic Vocabulary
• 00:22:11 Domestic Life and the South of France
• 00:28:10 Jacqueline Roque and New Beginnings
• 00:31:42 Revitalizing Vallauris: Community and Legacy
• 00:34:29 What Picasso Did for Ceramics

Who created the Mona Lisa of American Ceramics? And how was it stolen from under the noses of museum guards? In this episode Paul Greenhalgh and Stephanie Rozene travel to the American Gilded Age at the end of the 19th C to discuss the life and work of Adelaide Alsop Robineau, the pioneering potter who fought to make her own work her own way, and went on to win the top prize at the prestigious World’s Fair, putting American ceramics on the map.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Cup with beetles, 1901 by Adelaide Alsop Robineau

Courtesy of The Met Collection

Vase (Crystalline)1910 by Adelaide Alsop Robineau

Courtesy of the Everson Museum of Art

Staff of the University City Pottery and Art Institute, 1910

Courtesy of the Everson Museum of Art Archives

Scarab Vase, 1910 by Adelaide Alsop Robineau

Courtesy of the Everson Museum of Art

Cinerary Urn, Circa 1929 by Adelaide Alsop Robineau

Courtesy of the Everson Museum of Art

Stolen Art Alert Poster

International Foundation for Art Research

Courtesy of the Everson Museum of Art Archives

To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the HENITalks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: Adelaide Alsop Robineau and the Scarab Vase
• 00:01:37 America's Gilded Age and the Rise of Art Pottery
• 00:03:10 Adelaide's Early Life
• 00:04:56 China Painting: A Technical Note
• 00:07:20 Meeting Samuel Robineau and Starting Keramic Studio Magazine
• 00:09:25 Syracuse: A Hub of the Arts and Crafts Movement
• 00:11:37 The Magazine Empire and Teaching Women
• 00:16:47 The Radical Switch from China Painting to Porcelain
• 00:21:50 Learning from Taxile Doat: Porcelain Secrets Revealed
• 00:25:10 Mastering Crystalline Glazes
• 00:29:30 The First Female Studio Potter Working in Porcelain
• 00:30:19 University City and the Dream Team of Potters
• 00:32:58 Creating the Scarab Vase: 1000 Hours of Carving
• 00:38:38 Catastrophic Cracks and Miraculous Repair
• 00:41:35 The Grand Prix at Turin 1911
• 00:43:30 Return to Syracuse and Teaching Legacy
• 00:45:02 Final Years and the Funerary Urn
• 00:49:08 The Great Scarab Vase Heist of 1989
• 00:52:27 Recovery: David Rago and the Polaroid Evidence
• 00:56:15 Adelaide's Legacy: Never Lacking in Self-Confidence

What was the first piece of pottery that humans ever made?  What does it reveal about our earliest ancestors?  In this episode Paul Greenhalgh and Stephanie Rozene travel back to the earliest civilisations to find out how they created the very first ceramic objects and what that meant to the story of mankind.

Ceramics and artwork in this week’s episode include:

Venus of Dolní Věstonice, 29,000—25,000 BC

Vestonicka venuse edit by Petr Novák, Wikipedia

Source - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg

For the full legal code, see the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode.en

Vestonicka venuse back by Petr Novák, Wikipedia

Source - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestonicka_venuse_back.jpg

For the full legal code, see the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode.en

Fire-Flame Cooking Vessel, 2750—2500 BC

Deep Vessel with Decorative Handles, 3500—2500 BC

Met Museum

Bell Beaker, 2475–1800 BC

Bell Beaker Rijksmuseum of Oudheden by Gary Todd

Source - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_Beaker_Rijksmuseum_of_Oudheden.jpg

For the full legal code, see the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

To see images of the artworks in this episode go to heni.com/thehistoryofceramics or visit the HENI Talks YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/@HENITalks

Hosts: Paul Greenhalgh & Stephanie Rozene

Additional Research: Catherine Ingram

Editor: Alessandro Ruocco

Executive Producer: Emma Cahusac

• 00:00:00 Introduction: How Ceramics Changed History
• 00:02:13 Clay vs Ceramic
• 00:04:50 The Oldest Writing About Potters
• 00:06:58 The Venus of Dolni Vestonice: The First Ceramic Object
• 00:12:41 How Early Societies Discovered Ceramic Technology
• 00:15:32 The First Pots: From China to Japan
• 00:17:58 The Jomon People
• 00:19:24 Jomon Pots: Decoration, Function, and Meaning
• 00:25:01 Fire, Food, and Transformation
• 00:25:57 Nomadic Potters
• 00:32:00 Pottery as Archaeological Evidence
• 00:33:12 The Bell Beaker People of Britain
• 00:35:25 Ceramics as a Mark of Civilization
• 00:37:21 An Ancient Technology Still in Use Today