Kerry Vaughan is a Program Manager of Early Science at Leverage Research. He studies the history of how we developed electricity. Specifically, he analyses what makes some scientific inventions succeed and others fail.
To learn more about his work, please visit: https://leverageresearch.org. Or see his research paper here: https://leverageresearch.org/research-voltas-electrophorus
00:00 Introduction
02:37 Overview of Electricity's History
05:38 What's a Leyden Jar?
07:31 Importance of Leyden Jars
08:51 Electrician Culture
11:24 Science & Having Fun
14:30 Benjamin Franklin + Electricity
19:29 Alessandra Volta + Electrophorus
24:55 Scientific Discoveries + Public Attention
27:22 Electricity and Business
29:25 Math is the foundation
33:29 Asking good questions
38:26 Getting information sources
40:40 What's next for Kerry
P.S. Some fancy words Kerry used:
- Maxwell: James Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician in the 1800s. He contributed to the math describing electricity.
- Gilbert: William Gilbert was an English physicist in the 1500s. He contributed to early theories of magnetism.
- Lodestone: A mineral that is a naturally-occurring magnet.
- Capacitor: a device that separates negative and positive charges to create electricity
- Leyden Jar: An early capacitor. More here: https://youtube.com/watch?v=O3HQR2H5v04
- Alessandro Volta: An Italian physicist from the 1700s who created early versions of batteries, as well as a special capacitor called the electrophorus.
- Electrophorus: A capacitor created by Alessandra Volta to show a mysterious property of capacitors called 'repeated sparks'. More here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaTfwVPKfI8
- Repeated sparks: An effect where an electrophorus is charged once, but seems to create 'shocks' multiple times. It is difficult to understand where the electricity to create these 'shocks' comes from.
- Natural Philosopher / Electrician: Natural philosophers are the precursor to modern scientists. Electricians are natural philosophers who study electricity.
- Ørsted: Hans Christian Ørsted was a Danish physicist who first showed the connection between electricity and magnetism.
- Benjamin Franklin: A famous natural philosopher in the 1700s who studied electricity.
- Ground: a path where electrical charge can return to neutral (often by travelling into the Earth or 'ground').
- Musschenbroek: Pieter van Musschenbroek was a Dutch scientist who invented the Leyden jar in the 1700s.
- Deepmind Go: An artificial intelligence algorithm that beat human-level performance at Go, one of the most complex games ever.
- Bell Labs: A department that started under the telecommunications company, Bell, in the 1900s. It made many advances in early electronics and telecommunications.
- Shannon: Claude Shannon was an American mathematician and electrical engineer who founded the field of Information Theory in the 1900s.
- Information Theory: the science of how we measure, store, and communicate information digitally.
- The Enlightenment: a philosophical world view in the 1600s and 1700s. It focused on human capacity for reasoning and supported the development of modern science.
- Effective Altruism: a philosophical world view in modern times that supports the use of rational thinking to do good in the world.
- Primary sources: historical sources of information written by eyewitnesses of the topics they discuss at their time.
- Secondary sources: historical sources of information not written by eyewitnesses who directly observed the events.
- Artificial General Intelligence: A man-made creation that can perform any intellectual task as well as a human.