Some reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words:
Family terms: méh₂tēr ("mother"), ph₂tḗr ("father"), dhugh₂tḗr ("daughter"), suHnús ("son").
Animals: gwóus ("cow"), éḱwos ("horse"), h₃rḗḱs ("king" or "ruler," originally "he who rules over cattle").
Natural world: dyḗws ("sky" or "daylight"), h₂éwsōs ("dawn").
Tools and weapons: h₁nómn̥ ("name"), peḱu ("livestock, wealth").
Sanskrit: dvá
Greek: dyo
Latin: duo (e.g., "dual")
Old English: twā (modern English: "two")
Old High German: zwei (modern German: zwei)
Sanskrit: daśa
Greek: déka
Latin: decem (e.g., "decimal")
Old English: tīen (modern English: "ten")
Old High German: zehan (modern German: zehn)Dyḗus Ph₂tḗr ("Sky Father"):
The chief deity, associated with the daytime sky, light, and authority. This god appears as Zeus in Greek, Jupiter (Diu-pater) in Roman, Dyaus in Vedic, and Týr in Norse mythology.
A goddess of the dawn, renewal, and fertility. She survives as Eos in Greek, Aurora in Roman, Uṣas in Vedic, and potentially Ēostre in Germanic traditions.Perkwunos ("Thunder God"):
Associated with storms, thunder, and war. Manifested as Perkūnas in Baltic, Thor in Norse, Perun in Slavic, and Indra in Vedic traditions.H₂érkʷns ("Earth Mother"):
A nurturing goddess tied to fertility and the earth. Echoes of this figure are found in the Greek Gaia and the Vedic Prithvi.
Role: A sacred fire or hearth deity, often a mediator between gods and humans.
Reconstructed Name: H₁n̥gʷnis ("Fire").
Modern Equivalents:
Vedic: Agni (fire god, intermediary in sacrifices).
Roman: Vulcan (god of fire and metalworking).
Greek: Hephaestus (god of fire and crafts).