As we grow throughout childhood, our intelligence somehow shifts from that of a baby to that of a young adult. But, why?

Piaget asked this same question about a century before and, using his observations of children's responses to logic questions, came to some interesting conclusions on the stages of development that are still being used by schools around the globe to better modify curriculum, instruction, and content for students.

In this episode, Edward Thomas explores Piaget's theories on development, memory, understanding, intelligence, and more in the second part of this series!


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The way we come to understand what our world is like is pretty complex.

And, psychologists over the centuries have been pondering and asking this same question too.

Lev Vygotsky, when he died in 1934, left behind one of the most influential theories on development: that we learn through the social context we're placed in.

In this episode, Edward Thomas explores Vygotsky's theories on the Zone of Proximal Development, the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO), and how educating children has been, in part, been influenced by Vygotsky's views and works.

Be sure to tune in for the next episode where I explore Jean Piaget's ideas on development and learning!



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We are constantly building habits. 

Found a shortcut to work? Time to create a new habit of driving to work.

Baked the best cookie ever? Time to create a new habit of baking cookies.

Got to school late? Time to create a new habit of getting ready earlier.

However, habits are also dangerous. Chain-smoking developed from a habit. So too does alcohol dependency or stress-eating.

Habits are designed to be quickly-picked-up and hard-to-forget but breaking a habit and replacing it with something else requires us to fight against our mind's natural tendencies and rewire our mind.

In this episode, Edward Thomas goes into how habits can be detrimental to our health and wellbeing, how habits are formed via "habit loops", and ways habits can be broken.


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Pain is the intersection of physiology, neuroscience, and psychology and governs our reactions, out understandings of consequences, and of the characteristics of objects. Here, Edward Thomas explains how pain has been theorized to work over the centuries and how various factors (like gender and ethnicity) can influence and impact our perception of pain and our resiliency to it.


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Focusing is hard. 

How we decide what to spend our mental energy on in order to achieve optimal performance has also been one of those things that, despite lots of research, hasn't truly been discovered. In this episode, Edward Thomas explores different theories on attention, focal vs automatic attention, conscious vs unconscious attention, and how attention essentially controls nearly aspect of our life!


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The SAT. The ACT. The MCAT. The LSAT. Along with all the other tests you seen, heard of, or taken. Why do we love to test ourselves and others to see how we rank? From Spearman to Thurstone to Binet and Simon, intelligence has been redefined over the centuries. Can intelligence be measured by how good we are at painting? Math? What's the difference?

In this episode, Edward Thomas explores famous ideas of what intelligence really is, the first standardized tests, all the while asking thought-provoking questions about intelligence and ourselves.


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Looking back, it's easy to question why we thought certain ways or did certain things. However, a lot happens in our first years of life -- from the impact of parenting to our sense of morality, from the effects of loneliness or isolation to familiar or unfamiliar situations, or from trust between parents and children to the way we develop our own values. In this episode, Edward Thomas dives into three of the most important experiments on childhood development and how they shaped our understanding of the maturing mind.

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An estimated 2.3-5% of all prisoners in the US are actually innocent. But why do so many innocent people get unfairly judged? One reason is due to incorrect eyewitnesses from mistaken memories of an event or crime. First discovered by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer, things as simple as the words we choose to assign with a situation can cause pretty drastic changes on what we remember. 

In this episode, Edward Thomas dives into priming, the misattribution effect, the misinformation effect, memory retrieval, and more -- exploring ways our memory can mess up and lend itself to false memories.



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What does a rose smell like? Chances are that you’ve never actually thought “huh, roses smell like [insert whatever roses smell like to you here]”.

Instead, you already know how roses, or any flower for that matter, smell like. The smell of the flower was stored in your memory.

In this episode, Edward Thomas explores how we store things in our memory, ways we retrieve the information we’ve stored, why we forget things, and different types of long-term memory.


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If reward and association -- the basis of the behaviorist view on learning -- was all we needed to learn, why do we act like our parents, siblings, colleagues, or those around us? Why do we enjoy watching others play video games or instinctually smile at someone else's stories -- even though we haven't experienced them ourselves? 

Spoiler: It's because there's a lot more to learning than just reward and association.

From preschoolers shooting a doll to brain activity in macaques, the cognitivistic school-of-thought comes to save some confusion in this episode, where Edward Thomas explains where behavioristic learning fails to keep up with reality.


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