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Bibliography
Core Eye Anatomy, Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathways
Belliveau, A. P., & Somani, A. N. “Pupillary Light Reflex.” StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, updated 2023.
Cleveland Clinic. “Optic Nerve: What It Is, Function, Anatomy & Conditions.” Cleveland Clinic, updated 2024.
Gupta, M., & Ireland, A. C. “Neuroanatomy, Visual Pathway.” StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, updated 2022.
Kolb, H. “Simple Anatomy of the Retina.” Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System. University of Utah / NCBI Bookshelf.
Purves, D., Augustine, G. J., Fitzpatrick, D., et al., eds. Neuroscience. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Szabadi, E. “Functional Organization of the Sympathetic Pathways Controlling the Pupil: Light-Inhibited and Light-Stimulated Pathways.” Frontiers in Neurology 9, 2018.
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. “Ocular Motor System.” Neuroscience Online.
Pupillometry, Cognitive Load, Attention, and Mental Effort
Beatty, Jackson. “Task-Evoked Pupillary Responses, Processing Load, and the Structure of Processing Resources.” Psychological Bulletin 91, no. 2, 1982: 276–292.
Beatty, Jackson, and Brennis Lucero-Wagoner. “The Pupillary System.” In Handbook of Psychophysiology, edited by John T. Cacioppo, Louis G. Tassinary, and Gary G. Berntson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Kahneman, Daniel, and Jackson Beatty. “Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory.” Science 154, no. 3756, 1966: 1583–1585.
Kahneman, Daniel. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Laeng, Bruno, Sylvain Sirois, and Gustaf Gredebäck. “Pupillometry: A Window to the Preconscious?” Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 1, 2012: 18–27.
Mathôt, Sebastiaan. “Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function.” Journal of Cognition 1, no. 1, 2018.
Piquado, Tepring, David Isaacowitz, and Arthur Wingfield. “Pupillometry as a Measure of Cognitive Effort in Younger and Older Adults.” Psychophysiology 47, no. 3, 2010: 560–569.
Zekveld, Adriana A., Sophia E. Kramer, and Tammo Houtgast. “The Pupil Dilation Response to Auditory Stimuli: Current State of Knowledge.” Trends in Hearing 22, 2018.
Emotion, Attraction, Arousal, and the Pupil
Bradley, Margaret M., Laura Miccoli, Miguel A. Escrig, and Peter J. Lang. “The Pupil as a Measure of Emotional Arousal and Autonomic Activation.” Psychophysiology 45, no. 4, 2008: 602–607.
de Winter, Joost C. F., et al. “Replicating Five Pupillometry Studies of Eckhard Hess.” International Journal of Psychophysiology 165, 2021: 145–161.
Hess, Eckhard H. “Attitude and Pupil Size.” Scientific American 212, no. 4, 1965: 46–54.
Hess, Eckhard H., and James M. Polt. “Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli.” Science 132, no. 3423, 1960: 349–350.
Lang, Peter J., Margaret M. Bradley, and Bruce N. Cuthbert. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings of Pictures and Instruction Manual. Gainesville: University of Florida, 2008.
Pan, J., et al. “The Effects of Emotional Arousal on Pupil Size Depend on Background Luminance and Stimulus Type.” Scientific Reports 14, 2024.
Locus Coeruleus, Norepinephrine, Salience, and Attention
Aston-Jones, Gary, and Jonathan D. Cohen. “An Integrative Theory of Locus Coeruleus–Norepinephrine Function: Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 28, 2005: 403–450.
Joshi, Siddhartha, Yin Li, Ram M. Kalwani, and Joshua I. Gold. “Relationships Between Pupil Diameter and Neuronal Activity in the Locus Coeruleus, Colliculi, and Cingulate Cortex.” Neuron 89, no. 1, 2016: 221–234.
Murphy, Peter R., Ian H. Robertson, James H. Balsters, and Redmond G. O’Connell. “Pupillometry and P3 Index the Locus Coeruleus–Noradrenergic Arousal Function in Humans.” Psychophysiology 48, no. 11, 2011: 1532–1543.
Sara, Susan J. “The Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Modulation of Cognition.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 2009: 211–223.
Uddin, Lucina Q. “Salience Processing and Insular Cortical Function and Dysfunction.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, 2015: 55–61.
Memory, Emotion, Initiation, and Ritual Encoding
Cahill, Larry, and James L. McGaugh. “Mechanisms of Emotional Arousal and Lasting Declarative Memory.” Trends in Neurosciences 21, no. 7, 1998: 294–299.
McGaugh, James L. “Memory—A Century of Consolidation.” Science 287, no. 5451, 2000: 248–251.
McGaugh, James L. “The Amygdala Modulates the Consolidation of Memories of Emotionally Arousing Experiences.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 27, 2004: 1–28.
Seligman, Rebecca, and Laurence J. Kirmayer. “Dissociative Experience and Cultural Neuroscience: Narrative, Metaphor and Mechanism.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 32, 2008: 31–64.
Seligman, Rebecca, Ryan A. Brown, and Laurence J. Kirmayer. “Theory and Method at the Intersection of Anthropology and Cultural Neuroscience.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, no. 2–3, 2010: 130–139.
Whitehouse, Harvey. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Whitehouse, Harvey. Modes of Religiosity: A Cognitive Theory of Religious Transmission. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004.
Ritual, Synchrony, Social Bonding, and Embodied Meaning
Hobson, Nicholas M., Juliana Schroeder, Jane L. Risen, Dimitris Xygalatas, and Michael I. Norton. “The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 22, no. 3, 2018: 260–284.
Jackson, Joshua Conrad, Brock Bastian, and others. “Synchrony and Physiological Arousal Increase Cohesion and Cooperation in Large Naturalistic Groups.” Scientific Reports 8, 2018.
McCauley, Robert N., and E. Thomas Lawson. Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Rappaport, Roy A. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Turner, Victor. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Aldine, 1969.
Xygalatas, Dimitris. Ritual: How Seemingly Senseless Acts Make Life Worth Living. New York: Little, Brown Spark, 2022.
Xygalatas, Dimitris, et al. “Extreme Rituals Promote Prosociality.” Psychological Science 24, no. 8, 2013: 1602–1605.
Meditation, Prayer, Trance, and Absorption
Fox, Kieran C. R., Matthew L. Dixon, Savannah Nijeboer, et al. “Functional Neuroanatomy of Meditation: A Review and Meta-Analysis of 78 Functional Neuroimaging Investigations.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 65, 2016: 208–228.
Jerath, Ravinder, John W. Crawford, Vernon A. Barnes, and Kyler Harden. “Self-Regulation of Breathing as a Primary Treatment for Anxiety.” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 40, 2015: 107–115.
Lutz, Antoine, John D. Dunne, and Richard J. Davidson. “Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch, and Evan Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Tellegen, Auke, and Gilbert Atkinson. “Openness to Absorbing and Self-Altering Experiences (‘Absorption’), a Trait Related to Hypnotic Susceptibility.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83, no. 3, 1974: 268–277.
Vago, David R., and David A. Silbersweig. “Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, and Self-Transcendence: A Framework for Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Mindfulness.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6, 2012.
Darkness, Sensory Deprivation, Ganzfeld, and Visual Instability
Caputo, Giovanni B. “Strange-Face-in-the-Mirror Illusion.” Perception 39, no. 7, 2010: 1007–1008.
Caputo, Giovanni B. “Visual Perception During Mirror-Gazing at One’s Own Face in Patients with Depression.” The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
Caputo, Giovanni B. “Strange-Face Illusions During Eye-to-Eye Gazing in Dyads.” Imagination, Cognition and Personality 38, no. 1, 2018: 51–77.
Metzger, Wolfgang. “Optische Untersuchungen am Ganzfeld.” Psychologische Forschung 13, 1930: 6–29.
Shenyan, O., et al. “Visual Hallucinations Induced by Ganzflicker and Ganzfeld Differ in Frequency, Complexity, and Content.” Scientific Reports 14, 2024.
Wackermann, Jiří, Peter Pütz, and Carsten Allefeld. “Ganzfeld-Induced Hallucinatory Experience, Its Phenomenology and Cerebral Electrophysiology.” Cortex 44, no. 10, 2008: 1364–1378.
Zuckerman, Marvin, and Nathan Cohen. “Sources of Reports of Visual and Auditory Sensations in Perceptual-Isolation Experiments.” Psychological Bulletin 61, no. 1, 19

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Full Episode Bibliography
Primary Sources
Aeschylus. Eumenides. Used for the ancient tradition of succession at Delphi and the mythic movement from older powers to Apollo.
Cicero. On Divination. Used for ancient discussion of divination and the tradition of Delphic inspiration connected with breath or exhalation.
Herodotus. The Histories. Used for Croesus, the danger of ambiguous prophecy, the Athenian “wooden wall” oracle, Themistocles’ interpretation, and Delphi’s role in war and public decision-making.
Homeric Hymn to Apollo. Used for Apollo’s Delphic foundation myth, the serpent, the movement from sacred landscape to Apollonian institution, and the Cretan priests connected with Apollo’s dolphin form.
Pausanias. Description of Greece, Book 10. Used for later ancient traditions concerning Delphi, foundation myths, Gaia, Themis, Python, Apollo, sacred monuments, and the Delphic landscape.
Pindar. Pythian Odes. Used for the Pythian Games, victory poetry, Apollo, prestige, and the transformation of athletic victory into sacred memory.
Plutarch. Life of Lycurgus. Used for Lycurgus, the Great Rhetra, and the tradition of Spartan law receiving Delphic sanction.
Plutarch. Moralia: “On the E at Delphi.” Used for the mysterious letter E at Apollo’s temple and ancient philosophical interpretations of its meaning.
Plutarch. Moralia: “The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse.” Used for Delphic verse, the change in oracular style, and ancient reflection on why the Pythia no longer gave responses in meter.
Plutarch. Moralia: “The Obsolescence of Oracles.” Used for Delphi in the Roman period, the decline of oracular centers, Plutarch’s reflections on divine inspiration, and the tradition that Delphi once had multiple priestesses.
Strabo. Geography. Used for ancient geographical description of Delphi and the tradition of the oracle’s inspiration being connected with a breath or vapor rising from below.
Official and Reference Sources
Archaeological Site of Delphi / Hellenic Ministry of Culture. “History of Delphi.” Used for Delphi’s geography, Mycenaean background, Apollo’s cult, Python, Cretan priests, the Amphictyony, sacred administration, Sacred Wars, Roman history, decline, and excavation.
Archaeological Site of Delphi / Hellenic Ministry of Culture. “Mythological Versions of the Foundation of the Oracle.” Used for Gaia, Themis, Phoebe, Apollo, Python, Poseidon, the tripod, Athena Pronaia, the Thriae, and the dolphin/Cretan priest tradition.
Archaeological Site of Delphi / Hellenic Ministry of Culture. “The Temple of Apollo.” Used for the sacred center of the sanctuary, the adyton, the temple’s rebuilding history, and the architectural setting of the oracle.
Archaeological Site of Delphi / Hellenic Ministry of Culture. “The Sphinx of the Naxians.” Used for the Naxian dedication, apotropaic symbolism, civic prestige, and the monument’s role in the Sacred Way.
Archaeological Site of Delphi / Hellenic Ministry of Culture. “The Treasury of the Siphnians.” Used for the Siphnian Treasury, its sculptural program, caryatids, wealth, painted decoration, and sacred display.
Archaeological Site of Delphi / Hellenic Ministry of Culture. “Excavations.” Used for the Great Excavation, the village of Kastri, French archaeological work, and the modern recovery of Delphi.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Delphic Oracle.” Used for the Pythia, Apollo’s oracle, Delphi’s high prestige, and the use of Apollo’s sanction by lawmakers, colonists, and political leaders.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Delphi.” Used for the general history and significance of Delphi as a sanctuary, oracle, and pan-Hellenic religious center.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Python.” Used for Python as the serpent or dragon killed by Apollo at Delphi.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Pythian Games.” Used for the games at Delphi, their musical and athletic character, their relationship to Apollo, and the laurel wreath.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Hieromnemon.” Used for the Amphictyony, pylagorai, hieromnemones, treasury supervision, and administration of sacred affairs.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Archaeological Site of Delphi.” Used for Delphi’s world heritage description, pan-Hellenic importance, sacred landscape, and historical significance.
Modern Scholarship
Chappell, Mike. “Delphi and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo.” The Classical Quarterly 56, no. 2, 2006. Used for the Homeric Hymn’s Delphic foundation narrative and Apollo’s Pythian identity.
Fontenrose, Joseph. The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations with a Catalogue of Responses. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. Used as a major scholarly backbone for Delphic responses, authenticity problems, categories of consultation, and the operation of the oracle.
Forrest, W. G. “The First Sacred War.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 80, 1956. Used for the First Sacred War, Krisa/Crisa, sacred access, and the political framing of Delphi’s early pan-Hellenic importance.
Fragkaki, Maria. “The Great Rhetra.” Rosetta 17, 2015. Used for the Great Rhetra as a Delphic oracle and the divine validation of Spartan political order.
McInerney, Jeremy. “Parnassus, Delphi, and the Thyiades.” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 38, no. 3, 1997. Used for Dionysus, the Thyiades, Parnassus, mountain ecstasy, and the fact that Delphi’s sacred landscape was not purely Apollonian.
Piccardi, Luigi. “Active Faulting at Delphi, Greece: Seismotectonic Remarks and a Hypothesis for the Geological Environment of a Myth.” Geology 28, no. 7, 2000. Used for Delphi’s faulted landscape and the modern geological debate around the oracle.
de Boer, Jelle Z., John R. Hale, and Henry A. Spiller. “The Delphic Oracle: A Multidisciplinary Defense of the Gaseous Vent Theory.” Clinical Toxicology 40, no. 2, 2002. Used for the modern argument that gases, possibly including ethylene, may have contributed to the Pythia’s altered state.
Etiope, Giuseppe, et al. “The Geological Links of the Ancient Delphic Oracle.” Used for critique and reassessment of the geological and gaseous explanations of Delphic inspiration.
Scott, Michael. Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. Used for the broader historical arc of Delphi as sacred center, political institution, cultural symbol, and archaeological site.
Strolonga, Polyxeni. “The Foundation of the Oracle at Delphi in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo.” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 51, 2011. Used for Apollo’s foundation myth and the literary shaping of Delphi’s origin story.
Music, Inscriptions, and Archaeology
Fouilles de Delphes. École française d’Athènes. Used for the archaeological publication tradition connected with Delphi’s excavation, architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, and sanctuary remains.
The Delphic Hymns to Apollo. Used for Apollo’s musical cult, sacred song, and the role of hymn, inscription, and performance at Delphi.
Archaeological Museum of Delphi materials. Used for the Charioteer, Antinous, Kleobis and Biton, the Sphinx of the Naxians, the Siphnian Treasury, and other major finds from the sanctuary.


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Condensed Bibliography for Part Four

John F. Kihlstrom. Writings on hypnosis, memory, hypnotic hypermnesia, and confidence.
Elizabeth F. Loftus. Eyewitness Testimony.
Elizabeth F. Loftus and Katherine Ketcham. The Myth of Repressed Memory.
Daniel L. Schacter. The Seven Sins of Memory.
Richard J. McNally. Remembering Trauma.
Nicholas P. Spanos. Multiple Identities and False Memories.
Frederick Crews. The Memory Wars.
Ian Hacking. Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory.
Steven Jay Lynn, Irving Kirsch, and Judith W. Rhue. Research on hypnosis, suggestion, and memory.
Martin T. Orne. Writings on forensic hypnosis, demand characteristics, and memory.
Bernard L. Diamond. Writings on hypnosis and witness testimony.
U.S. Department of Justice materials on hypnotically refreshed testimony.
U.S. Senate. Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification, 1977 joint hearing.
U.S. Senate Church Committee materials on intelligence activities and behavioral research.
National Security Archive. CIA behavior-control experiments, BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE, and MKULTRA document collections.
Central Intelligence Agency declassified MKULTRA, ARTICHOKE, and BLUEBIRD materials.
John Marks. The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate”: The CIA and Mind Control.
Alfred W. McCoy. A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror.
Stephen Kinzer. Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control.
H. P. Albarelli Jr. A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments.
Shane O’Mara. Why Torture Doesn’t Work: The Neuroscience of Interrogation.
Darius Rejali. Torture and Democracy.
Robert Jay Lifton. Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism.
Edgar H. Schein. Coercive Persuasion.
Alexandra Stein. Terror, Love and Brainwashing.
Stanley Milgram. Obedience to Authority.
Jacques Ellul. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes.
Robert Cialdini. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion.
Dion Fortune. Psychic Self-Defense.
Dion Fortune. The Machinery of the Mind.
William Walker Atkinson. Mind-Power: The Secret of Mental Magic.
Émile Coué. Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion.

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Core Sleep Paralysis Science
Sharpless, Brian A., and Jacques P. Barber. “Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Sleep Paralysis: A Systematic Review.” Sleep Medicine Reviews 15, no. 5 (2011): 311–315.
Sharpless, Brian A. “A Clinician’s Guide to Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 12 (2016): 1761–1767.
Cheyne, J. Allan, Steve D. Rueffer, and Ian R. Newby-Clark. “Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations during Sleep Paralysis: Neurological and Cultural Construction of the Night-Mare.” Consciousness and Cognition 8, no. 3 (1999): 319–337.
Cheyne, J. Allan. “Sleep Paralysis and the Structure of Waking-Nightmare Hallucinations.” Dreaming 13, no. 3 (2003): 163–179.
Cheyne, J. Allan. “Situational Factors Affecting Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hallucinations: Position and Timing Effects.” Journal of Sleep Research 11, no. 2 (2002): 169–177.
Solomonova, Elizaveta. “Sleep Paralysis: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology and Treatment.” In The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought: Mind-Wandering, Creativity, and Dreaming, edited by Kieran C. R. Fox and Kalina Christoff. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Baland Jalal / Panic-Hallucination / Treatment
Jalal, Baland. “How to Make the Ghosts in My Bedroom Disappear? Focused-Attention Meditation Combined with Muscle Relaxation (MR Therapy): A Direct Treatment Intervention for Sleep Paralysis.” Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016): 28. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00028.
Jalal, Baland, and V. S. Ramachandran. “Sleep Paralysis and ‘The Bedroom Intruder’: The Role of the Right Superior Parietal, Phantom Pain and Body Image Projection.” Medical Hypotheses 83, no. 6 (2014): 755–757.
Jalal, Baland. “The Neuropharmacology of Sleep Paralysis Hallucinations: Serotonin 2A Activation and a Novel Therapeutic Drug.” Psychopharmacology 235, no. 11 (2018): 3083–3091.
Jalal, Baland, Lucia Moruzzi, Andrea Zangrandi, Matteo Filardi, Claudio Franceschini, Fabio Pizza, et al. “Meditation-Relaxation (MR Therapy) for Sleep Paralysis: A Pilot Study in Patients with Narcolepsy.” Frontiers in Neurology 11 (2020): 922. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00922.
Folklore, Myth, and the Old Hag
Hufford, David J. The Terror That Comes in the Night: An Experience-Centered Study of Supernatural Assault Traditions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.
Hufford, David J. “Sleep Paralysis as Spiritual Experience.” Transcultural Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (2005): 11–45.
Adler, Shelley R. Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011.
Davies, Owen. “The Nightmare Experience, Sleep Paralysis, and Witchcraft Accusations.” Folklore 114, no. 2 (2003): 181–203.
Bond, John. An Essay on the Incubus, or Nightmare. London: Printed for D. Wilson and T. Durham, 1753.
Golzari, Samad E. J., et al. “Sleep Paralysis in Medieval Persia — The Hidayat of Akhawayni (?–983 AD).” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 8 (2012): 229–234.
Cross-Cultural Sleep Paralysis
Hinton, Devon E., Vuth Pich, Dara Chhean, and Mark H. Pollack. “‘The Ghost Pushes You Down’: Sleep Paralysis-Type Panic Attacks in a Khmer Refugee Population.” Transcultural Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (2005): 46–77.
Hinton, Devon E., Vuth Pich, Dara Chhean, Mark H. Pollack, and Richard J. McNally. “Sleep Paralysis among Cambodian Refugees: Association with PTSD Diagnosis and Severity.” Depression and Anxiety 22, no. 2 (2005): 47–51.
Jalal, Baland, and Devon E. Hinton. “Rates and Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis in the General Population of Denmark and Egypt.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 37, no. 3 (2013): 534–548.
Jalal, Baland, Joseph Simons-Rudolph, Bamo Jalal, and Devon E. Hinton. “Explanations of Sleep Paralysis among Egyptian College Students and the General Population in Egypt and Denmark.” Transcultural Psychiatry 51, no. 2 (2014): 158–175.
Jalal, Baland, Andrea Romanelli, and Devon E. Hinton. “Cultural Explanations of Sleep Paralysis in Italy: The Pandafeche Attack and Associated Supernatural Beliefs.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 39, no. 4 (2015): 651–664.
Olunu, Esther, Ruth Kimo, Esther Olufunmbi Onigbinde, Mary-Amadeus Uduak Akpanobong, and Inyene Ezekiel Enang. “Sleep Paralysis, a Medical Condition with a Diverse Cultural Interpretation.” International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research 8, no. 3 (2018): 137–142.
Sensed Presence / Body Map / Shadow Person Neuroscience
Arzy, Shahar, Margitta Seeck, Stephanie Ortigue, Laurent Spinelli, and Olaf Blanke. “Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person.” Nature 443 (2006): 287.
Blanke, Olaf, Stephanie Ortigue, Theodor Landis, and Margitta Seeck. “Stimulating Illusory Own-Body Perceptions.” Nature 419 (2002): 269–270.
Blanke, Olaf, Theodor Landis, Laurent Spinelli, and Margitta Seeck. “Out-of-Body Experience and Autoscopy of Neurological Origin.” Brain 127, no. 2 (2004): 243–258.
Ionta, Silvio, Lukas Heydrich, Bigna Lenggenhager, Michael Mouthon, Eleonora Fornari, Dominique Chapuis, Roger Gassert, and Olaf Blanke. “Multisensory Mechanisms in Temporo-Parietal Cortex Support Self-Location and First-Person Perspective.” Neuron 70, no. 2 (2011): 363–374.
Blanke, Olaf, Polona Pozeg, Masayuki Hara, Lukas Heydrich, Andrea Serino, Akio Yamamoto, Toshiro Higuchi, et al. “Neurological and Robot-Controlled Induction of an Apparition.” Current Biology 24, no. 22 (2014): 2681–2686.
Alien Abduction / Modern Mythic Mask
McNally, Richard J., and Susan A. Clancy. “Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction.” Transcultural Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (2005): 113–122.
Clancy, Susan A. Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.
Blackmore, Susan. “Abduction by Aliens or Sleep Paralysis?” Skeptical Inquirer 22, no. 3 (1998): 23–28.
Clinical Sleep / Narcolepsy / REM Background
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders. 3rd ed., text revision. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2023.
Scammell, Thomas E. “Narcolepsy.” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 27 (2015): 2654–2662.
Saper, Clifford B., Patrick M. Fuller, Nigel P. Pedersen, Jun Lu, and Thomas E. Scammell. “Sleep State Switching.” Neuron 68, no. 6 (2010): 1023–1042.
Brooks, Patricia L., and John H. Peever. “Identification of the Transmitter and Receptor Mechanisms Responsible for REM Sleep Paralysis.” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 29 (2012): 9785–9795.
Avidan, Alon Y., and Phyllis C. Zee, eds. Handbook of Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.
Visual / Art History
Fuseli, Henry. The Nightmare. 1781. Oil on canvas. Detroit Institute of Arts.
Myrone, Martin. Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake and the Romantic Imagination. London: Tate Publishing, 2006.
Powell, Nicolas. Fuseli: The Nightmare. London: Allen Lane, 1973.

Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.