The Occult Rejects

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BibliographyPrimary and Digital SourcesInstituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). “Confirman antigüedad prehispánica del Códice Tonalámatl de Aubin.” Boletín 402, August 31, 2026.Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). Tonalámatl de Aubin. Codices of Mexico Digital Catalog.Sahagún, Bernardino de, Antonio Valeriano, Alonso Vegerano, Martín Jacobita, Pedro de San Buenaventura, Diego de Grado, Bonifacio Maximiliano, Mateo Severino, et al. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (Florentine Codex). Ms. Mediceo Palatino 218–20. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, 1577. Digital Florentine Codex / Códice Florentino Digital. Edited by Kim N. Richter, Alicia Maria Houtrouw, Kevin Terraciano, Jeanette Favrot Peterson, Diana Magaloni, and Lisa Sousa. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2023.Nahua Religion, Calendrics, Personhood, and DivinationDehouve, Danièle. “Embedded Glottograms in the Images of the Gods in Ancient Central Mexico.” Ancient Mesoamerica 36, no. 2 (2025): 242–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536125100758.Díaz Álvarez, Ana. “Tlapohualli, la cuenta de las cosas. Reflexiones en torno a la reconstrucción de los calendarios nahuas.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 44 (2012).Dupey García, Élodie. “Rethinking the Reverse of the Codex Cospi: Ritual Offerings to Divine Effigies in Temples.” Ancient Mesoamerica. Published online July 20, 2026.González Torres, Yólotl. “La adivinación por medio del maíz.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 48 (2014): 213–233.Kruell, Gabriel Kenrick. “Algunas precisiones terminológicas sobre el calendario náhuatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 54 (2017): 135–164.López Austin, Alfredo. “Cuarenta clases de magos del mundo náhuatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 7 (1967): 87–117.Madajczak, Julia. “Life-Giver: The Pre-Hispanic Nahua Concept of ‘Father’ through Colonial Written Sources.” Ancient Mesoamerica 28, no. 2 (2017): 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536117000086.Martínez González, Roberto. El nahualismo. Antropológica 19. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 2016.Olko, Justyna, and Julia Madajczak. “An Animating Principle in Confrontation with Christianity? De(re)constructing the Nahua ‘Soul.’” Ancient Mesoamerica 30, no. 1 (2019): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536118000329.Rojas, Araceli. “Casting Maize Seeds in an Ayöök Community: An Approach to the Study of Divination in Mesoamerica.” Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 2 (2016): 461–478.Ritual, Sound, and Embodied PracticeBrylak, Agnieszka. “Some Remarks on the Teponazcuicatl of the Pre-Hispanic Nahua.” Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 2 (2016).Morado Hernández, Elías Israel. “Una aproximación al Códice florentino desde la escucha.” Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 47, no. 127 (2025).Seligman, Rebecca, and Ryan A. Brown. “Theory and Method at the Intersection of Anthropology and Cultural Neuroscience.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, nos. 2–3 (2010): 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp032.Obsidian Mirrors, Tezcatlipoca, and Visual PerceptionCampbell, Stuart, Elizabeth Healey, Yaroslav Kuzmin, and Michael D. Glascock. “The Mirror, the Magus and More: Reflections on John Dee’s Obsidian Mirror.” Antiquity 95, no. 384 (2021): 1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.132.Caputo, Giovanni B. “Strange-Face-in-the-Mirror Illusion.” Perception 39, no. 7 (2010): 1007–1008. https://doi.org/10.1068/p6466.Getty Research Institute. “Through the Mirror.” Obsidian Mirror-Travels: Refracting Ancient Mexican Art and Archaeology.Mash, Joanna, Paul M. Jenkinson, Charlotte E. Dean, and Keith R. Laws. “Strange Face Illusions: A Systematic Review and Quality Analysis.” Consciousness and Cognition 109 (2023): 103480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2023.103480.Psychoactive and Ritual PlantsBenowitz, Neal L. “Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction, Smoking-Induced Disease, and Therapeutics.” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 49 (2009): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742.Carstairs, Shaun D., and F. Lee Cantrell. “Peyote and Mescaline Exposures: A 12-Year Review of a Statewide Poison Center Database.” Clinical Toxicology 48, no. 4 (2010): 350–353. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650903586745.Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Carolina Lança Pereira, and Diana Dias da Silva. “Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions.” Current Molecular Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (2019): 184–194. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.Meira, Marilena, Eliezer Pereira da Silva, Jorge M. David, and Juceni P. David. “Review of the Genus Ipomoea: Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Biological Activities.” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 22, no. 3 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000025.Pérez-Ortega, G., M. E. González-Trujano, G. E. Ángeles-López, F. Brindis, H. Vibrans, and R. Reyes-Chilpa. “Tagetes lucida Cav.: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Its Tranquilizing Properties.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 181 (2016): 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.040.Steiner, Ulrike, and Eckhard Leistner. “Ergoline Alkaloids in Convolvulaceous Host Plants Originate from Epibiotic Clavicipitaceous Fungi of the Genus Periglandula.” Fungal Ecology 5, no. 3 (2012): 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2011.04.004.Stoliker, Devon, Katrin H. Preller, Leonardo Novelli, Alan Anticevic, Gary F. Egan, Franz X. Vollenweider, Adeel Razi, et al. “Neural Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visual Imagery.” Molecular Psychiatry 30 (2025): 1259–1266. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3.Vearrier, David, and Michael I. Greenberg. “Anticholinergic Delirium Following Datura stramonium Ingestion: Implications for the Internet Age.” Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock 3, no. 3 (2010): 303. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.66565.Altered States and NeuroscienceAshhad, Sufyan, Kaiwen Kam, Christopher A. Del Negro, and Jack L. Feldman. “Breathing Rhythm and Pattern and Their Influence on Emotion.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 45 (2022): 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-090121-014424.Kumar, Sandeep, Patrizia Porcu, David F. Werner, Douglas B. Matthews, Jaime L. Diaz-Granados, Rebecca S. Helfand, and A. Leslie Morrow. “The Role of GABA(A) Receptors in the Acute and Chronic Effects of Ethanol: A Decade of Progress.” Psychopharmacology 205, no. 4 (2009): 529–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z.Waters, Flavie, Vivian Chiu, Amanda Atkinson, and Jan Dirk Blom. “Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (2018): 303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303.Sacrifice, Death, and the OtherworldMadajczak, Julia, Katarzyna Mikulska, and Roberto Martínez. “Beyond Mictlan: The Otherworlds of the Pre-Contact Nahua.” Ancient Mesoamerica 37, no. 1 (2026): 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536126100911.Martínez González, Roberto. “Funeraria nahua, una primera aproximación: el ritual por derecho propio.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 71 (2026).Moreiras Reynaga, Diana K., Jean-François Millaire, Ximena Chávez Balderas, Juan A. Román Berrelleza, Leonardo López Luján, and Fred J. Longstaffe. “Residential Patterns of Mexica Human Sacrifices at Mexico-Tenochtitlan and Mexico-Tlatelolco: Evidence from Phosphate Oxygen Isotopes.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62 (2021): 101296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101296.

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Core Academic Studies
Callow, John. Gerald Gardner and the Creation of Wicca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. DOI: 10.1017/9781108956161.
Crandall, Lisa. Text A: Teasing Out the Influences on Early Gardnerian Witchcraft as Evidenced in the Personal Writings of Gerald Brosseau Gardner. Master's thesis, University of Ottawa, 2013.
Doyle White, Ethan. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2016.
Feraro, Shai, and Ethan Doyle White, eds. Magic and Witchery in the Modern West: Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of The Triumph of the Moon. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Hutton, Ronald. “Crowley and Wicca.” In Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism, edited by Henrik Bogdan and Martin P. Starr, 285–307. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Lewis, Liam. “‘Eko; Eko; Azarak’: Witchcraft, Medieval Gibberish and Queer Untranslatability in High Magic’s Aid.” Sexualities, first published online October 3, 2024. DOI: 10.1177/13634607241287419.
Urban, Hugh B. Magia Sexualis: Sex, Magic, and Liberation in Modern Western Esotericism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
Urban, Hugh B. “The Goddess and the Great Rite: Hindu Tantra and the Complex Origins of Modern Wicca.” In Magic and Witchery in the Modern West, edited by Shai Feraro and Ethan Doyle White, 21–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Gardner, Valiente, and Early Wiccan Sources
Gardner, Gerald B. High Magic’s Aid. London: Michael Houghton, 1949.
Gardner, Gerald B. Witchcraft Today. London: Rider, 1954.
Gardner, Gerald B. The Meaning of Witchcraft. London: Aquarian Press, 1959.
Valiente, Doreen. The Rebirth of Witchcraft. London: Robert Hale, 1989.
Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. London: Robert Hale, 1978.
Heselton, Philip. Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner. 2 vols. Loughborough: Thoth Publications, 2012.
Lamond, Frederic. Fifty Years of Wicca. Sutton Mallet: Green Magic, 2004.
Pre-Gardner Witchcraft, Folklore, and Witch-Cult Sources
Leland, Charles Godfrey. Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. London: David Nutt, 1899.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The God of the Witches. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1931.
Ceremonial Magic, Crowley, and Related Source Material
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor, ed. and trans. The Key of Solomon the King (Clavicula Salomonis). London: George Redway, 1889.
Crowley, Aleister. The Equinox. Various issues, 1909–1919.
Crowley, Aleister. Book 4. Parts I–II originally published 1912–1913; Part III, Magick in Theory and Practice, 1929.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber XV: Ecclesiae Gnosticae Catholicae Canon Missae, commonly known as the Gnostic Mass.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law). 1904.
Woodroffe, John, writing as Arthur Avalon. The Serpent Power. London: Luzac & Co., 1919.
Additional Historical Trails Discussed in the Episode
de Givry, Émile Grillot. Witchcraft, Magic and Alchemy. English translation, 1931.
Fuller, J. F. C. “The Black Arts.” Occult Review 43, no. 5 (1926): 299–308. Discussed and traced by Liam Lewis in the 2024 study cited above.
The Occult Observer, Vol. I, No. 3 (1949), including Mir Bashir's article “The Book of Shadows,” later identified by Doreen Va

Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. 

Links For The Occult Rejects
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. 

Links For The Occult Rejects
https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects

Occult Research Institute
https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/

Substack
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Venmo
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BibliographyCore Academic Scholarship
- Bailey, Michael D. Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Essential for Nider and the emergence of diabolical witchcraft before the Malleus. (https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-02225-3.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Briggs, Robin. Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. HarperCollins, 1996.
- Clark, Stuart. Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Clarendon Press, 1997. Excellent for inversion, natural/unnatural, Christian/anti-Christian logic.
- Davies, Owen. Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History. Hambledon and London, 2003. Useful for distinguishing actual magical practitioners from the demonological witch stereotype. (https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/119/482/801/499798?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Gaskill, Malcolm. Witchfinders: A Seventeenth-Century English Tragedy. John Murray, 2005.
- Hults, Linda C. The Witch as Muse: Art, Gender, and Power in Early Modern Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. Major source for Dürer, Baldung, sexuality, gender, and visual construction.
- Kors, Alan Charles, and Edward Peters, eds. Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700: A Documentary History. 2nd ed. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Excellent collection of primary documents. (https://www.pennpress.org/9780812217513/witchcraft-in-europe-400-1700/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Levack, Brian P. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe. 4th ed. Routledge, 2016. Best general backbone for chronology, prosecution patterns, regional variation, gender, and numbers. (https://www.routledge.com/link/link/p/book/9781138808096?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Levack, Brian P., ed. The Witchcraft Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2015. Includes trial documents, demonology, sermons, literature, and visual representations. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Witchcraft-Sourcebook-Second-Edition/Levack/p/book/9781138774971?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. Routledge, 1996. Particularly useful for later feminist, historical, literary, and modern witch reconstructions. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Witch-in-History-Early-Modern-and-Twentieth-Century-Representations/Purkiss/p/book/9780415087629?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Roper, Lyndal. Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany. Yale University Press, 2004/2006. Essential for crones, fertility, motherhood, interrogation, sexuality, cannibalism, and aging. (https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300119831/witch-craze/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Stephens, Walter. Demon Lovers: Witchcraft, Sex, and the Crisis of Belief. University of Chicago Press, 2002/2003. Important for demonic sex, bodily reality, flight, infanticide, and the Malleus. (https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo3628714.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Zika, Charles. The Appearance of Witchcraft: Print and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Europe. Routledge, 2007. Probably the most important book for this episode’s thesis. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Appearance-of-Witchcraft-1st-Edition/Zika/p/book/9780203713921?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Davies, Owen, ed. The Oxford History of Witchcraft and Magic. Oxford University Press, 2023. Broad updated survey from antiquity through modern popular culture. (https://academic.oup.com/book/45627?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
Fifteenth-Century Origins and Demonology
- Nider, Johannes. Formicarius, Book V, c. 1436–1438. Key source for the emerging diabolical witch sect before the Malleus; available in Levack and Kors/Peters. (https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/witches1.asp?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Errores Gazariorum, c. 1430s. One of the earliest texts describing an organized diabolical witch sect; see Georg Modestin, “The Metamorphoses of the Anti-Witchcraft Treatise Errores Gazariorum.” (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003007296-2s/metamorphoses-anti-witchcraft-treatise-errores-gazariorum-15th-century-georg-modestin?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Le Franc, Martin. Le Champion des Dames. Written c. 1440–1442; illuminated manuscript, 1451. The manuscript includes the famous Vaudoises image, widely identified as the earliest known witch depicted flying on a broomstick. (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/722313-oldest-depiction-of-a-witch-on-a-broomstick?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Kramer, Heinrich [Institoris]. Malleus Maleficarum, first printed 1486–1487. Use Christopher S. Mackay, trans., The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum. Cambridge University Press, 2009. Mackay also discusses authorship and Jacob Sprenger’s disputed role. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hammer-of-witches/F8A8CC710EB1AEB13D9B91530AC0EAF3?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Molitor, Ulrich. De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus, 1489. Important for early printed imagery of flight, transformation, weather magic, and cauldrons.
- Hopkins, Matthew. The Discovery of Witches. London, 1647. Important for familiars, bodily examinations, and names including Pyewacket, Vinegar Tom, Grizzel Greedigutt, Sack and Sugar, and others.
Art and Visual Sources
- Dürer, Albrecht. Witch Riding Backwards on a Goat, c. 1500. British Museum. The Museum connects the reversed composition with witchcraft’s supposed reversal of natural order. (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1868-0822-188?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Baldung Grien, Hans. Early-sixteenth-century witch imagery and Weather Witches (1523). The British Museum discusses Baldung’s fascination with witches and female sexuality. (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1834-0712-73?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Davidson, Jane P. The Witch in Northern European Art, 1470–1750. Luca Verlag, 1987.
- Rosa, Salvator. Witches at their Incantations, c. 1646. National Gallery, London. The Gallery documents both its witch imagery and the report that it hung behind a curtain for dramatic reveal. (https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/salvator-rosa-witches-at-their-incantations?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
Trials, Gender, and Historical Accused
- Apps, Lara, and Andrew Gow. Male Witches in Early Modern Europe. Manchester University Press, 2003. Useful for dismantling the assumption that witches were universally female.
- Rowlands, Alison. Witchcraft Narratives in Germany: Rothenburg, 1561–1652. Manchester University Press, 2003.
- English Heritage / Diane Purkiss. “Witchcraft: Eight Myths and Misconceptions.” Useful for hanging versus burning, execution estimates, male witches, the Spanish Inquisition, and the herbalist-midwife myth. Purkiss gives a mainstream scholarly estimate of roughly 30,000–60,000 executions, rather than the old “nine million” figure. (https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/eight-witchcraft-myths?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
Fairy Tale and Literary Witch
- Shakespeare, William. Macbeth, c. 1606. Especially Act IV, scene 1, for the influential cauldron scene.
- Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. “Hansel and Gretel,” in Kinder- und Hausmärchen, first published 1812. Useful for the forest dwelling, old woman, food, children, and cannibalistic witch.
- Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History. Particularly useful for witch representation in drama, domesticity, children, and later reinvention. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Witch-in-History-Early-Modern-and-Twentieth-Century-Representations/Purkiss/p/book/9780415087629?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
Victorian Costume, Salem, and Halloween
- Holt, Ardern. Fancy Dresses Described; or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls. 4th ed., 1884. Source for the witch costumes involving brooms, cats, toads, serpents, frogs, bats, lizards, an owl, and a black cat on the shoulder. The surviving scan identifies it as the fourth edition from March 1884. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThe_Witch1884.png?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
- Holt, Ardern. Fancy Dresses Described. 5th ed. Debenham & Freebody, 1887. Public-domain copy preserved by the Smithsonian. (

Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. 

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Bibliography
Primary Sources, Historical Texts, Legal Sources, and Reference Works
Ælfric of Eynsham. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The First Series: Text. Edited by Peter Clemoes. Early English Text Society, Supplementary Series 17. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Ælfric of Eynsham. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The Second Series: Text. Edited by Malcolm Godden. Early English Text Society, Supplementary Series 5. London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 1979.
Attenborough, F. L., ed. and trans. The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922.
Bosworth, Joseph, and T. Northcote Toller. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898; Supplement, 1921. See also the revised Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online, especially the entries for wicca, wicce, wiccedōm, and related terms.
Elliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 5th corrected ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997.
England. 33 Henry VIII c. 8. An Act concerning Witchcrafts and Sorcery (1542).
England. 5 Elizabeth I c. 16. An Act against Conjurations, Enchantments and Witchcrafts (1563).
England. 1 James I c. 12. An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked Spirits (1604).
Great Britain. 9 George II c. 5. An Act to repeal the Statute made in the first Year of the Reign of King James the First, intituled, An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked Spirits... Commonly known as the Witchcraft Act 1735; royal assent 1736.
Great Britain. Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951, 14 & 15 Geo. 6 c. 33.
Forshall, Josiah, and Frederic Madden, eds. The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, in the Earliest English Versions Made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and His Followers. 4 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1850.
Gardner, Gerald B. Witchcraft Today. London: Rider and Company, 1954.
Gifford, George. A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcraftes. London: John Windet for Tobie Cooke and Mihil Hart, 1593.
Krapp, George Philip, ed. The Junius Manuscript. Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931.
Liebermann, Felix, ed. Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. 3 vols. in 4. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1903–1916.
Lyly, John. Mother Bombie. London: Thomas Scarlet for Cuthbert Burby, 1594.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
Perkins, William. A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft: So Farre Forth as It Is Revealed in the Scriptures, and Manifest by True Experience. Published by Thomas Pickering. Cambridge, 1608.
Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. Septuaginta. Revised by Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006.
Robertson, A. J., ed. and trans. The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925.
Tyndale, William. The Pentateuch. 1530. For a modern edition, see Tyndale’s Old Testament, edited by David Daniell. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
Weber, Robert, and Roger Gryson, eds. Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam Versionem. 5th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007.
Webster, Noah. An American Dictionary of the English Language. New York: S. Converse, 1828.
The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. London: Robert Barker, 1611.
Modern Scholarship
Apps, Lara, and Andrew Gow. Male Witches in Early Modern Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.
Arthur, Ciaran. “Charms,” Liturgies, and Secret Rites in Early Medieval England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2018.
Bostridge, Ian. Witchcraft and Its Transformations, c.1650–c.1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Briggs, Robin. Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. London: HarperCollins, 1996.
Clark, Stuart. Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Cohn, Norman. Europe’s Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. New York: Basic Books, 1975.
Davies, Owen. Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History. London: Hambledon and London, 2003.
Davies, Owen. Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, 1736–1951. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
Doyle White, Ethan. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2016.
Gaskill, Malcolm. Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Gaskill, Malcolm. Hellish Nell: Last of Britain’s Witches. London: Fourth Estate, 2001.
Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Hutton, Ronald. The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.
Levack, Brian P. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2016.
Liberman, Anatoly. Word Origins ... and How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Liberman, Anatoly, with J. Lawrence Mitchell. An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
Macfarlane, Alan. Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. 2nd ed. with an introduction by James Sharpe, London: Routledge, 1999.
Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. London: Routledge, 1996.
Sharpe, J. A. Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England, 1550–1750. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971.
Wilby, Emma. Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2005.
Particularly Useful Digital and Archival Resources
Folger Shakespeare Library. Digital editions and catalog records for John Lyly’s Mother Bombie, George Gifford’s A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcraftes, and William Perkins’s A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft.
The National Archives (UK). Early Modern Witch Trials teaching collection, including the transcript and archival image of the 1604 Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked Spirits.
UK Parliament, Living Heritage. “Witchcraft,” overview of the English witchcraft statutes and their legal history.
UK Legislation. Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951, official text.
Dictionary of Old English / Dictionary of Old English Web Corpus, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto.
Oxford English Dictionary. Entries for witch, witchcraft, wizard, warlock, and related historical forms.



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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fear, Negativity, Attention, and Stress
Baumeister, Roy F., Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and Kathleen D. Vohs. “Bad Is Stronger Than Good.” Review of General Psychology 5, no. 4 (2001): 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323.
Bar-Haim, Yair, Dominique Lamy, Lee Pergamin, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. “Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Anxious and Nonanxious Individuals: A Meta-Analytic Study.” Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (2007): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.
Tannenbaum, Melanie B., Justin Hepler, Rick S. Zimmerman, Lindsey Saul, Samantha Jacobs, Kristina Wilson, and Dolores Albarracín. “Appealing to Fear: A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeal Effectiveness and Theories.” Psychological Bulletin 141, no. 6 (2015): 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729.
Juster, Robert-Paul, Bruce S. McEwen, and Sonia J. Lupien. “Allostatic Load Biomarkers of Chronic Stress and Impact on Health and Cognition.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 1 (2010): 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002.
Negative News, Trauma Coverage, and Stress Reactivity
Marin, Marie-France, Julie-Katia Morin-Major, Tania E. Schramek, Annick Beaupré, Andrea Perna, Robert-Paul Juster, and Sonia J. Lupien. “There Is No News Like Bad News: Women Are More Remembering and Stress Reactive after Reading Real Negative News than Men.” PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (2012): e47189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047189.
Holman, E. Alison, Dana Rose Garfin, and Roxane Cohen Silver. “Media’s Role in Broadcasting Acute Stress Following the Boston Marathon Bombings.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 1 (2014): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316265110.
Thompson, Rebecca R., Nickolas M. Jones, E. Alison Holman, and Roxane Cohen Silver. “Media Exposure to Mass Violence Events Can Fuel a Cycle of Distress.” Science Advances 5, no. 4 (2019): eaav3502. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3502.
Fear, Negativity, and the Attention Economy
Robertson, Claire E., Nicolas Pröllochs, Kaoru Schwarzenegger, Philip Pärnamets, Jay J. Van Bavel, and Stefan Feuerriegel. “Negativity Drives Online News Consumption.” Nature Human Behaviour 7 (2023): 812–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01538-4.
Shabahang, Reza, Hyeyeon Hwang, Emma F. Thomas, Mara S. Aruguete, Lynn E. McCutcheon, Gábor Orosz, Abbas Ali Hossein Khanzadeh, Benyamin Mokhtari Chirani, and Ágnes Zsila. “Doomscrolling Evokes Existential Anxiety and Fosters Pessimism about Human Nature? Evidence from Iran and the United States.” Computers in Human Behavior Reports 15 (2024): 100438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100438.
Conspiracy Exposure and Paranoid Thought
Molenda, Zuzanna, Marta Marchlewska, Adam Karakula, Wojciech Podsiadłowski, Marta Rogoza, Paulina Bagrowska, and Dagmara Szczepańska. “Thought Contagion? Conspiracy Beliefs Boost Paranoid Thoughts.” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 16, no. 4 (2024): 2065–2082. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12577.
Repetition and the Illusory Truth Effect
Ye, Steeven, David Attali, Maria Ghazi, Arnaud Cachia, Mathieu Cassotti, Grégoire Borst, et al. “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Evidence for an Illusory Truth Effect and Its Determinants.” Nature Communications 17 (2026): 3270. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70041-x.
Intolerance of Uncertainty, Worry, and Anxiety
Akbari, Mehdi, Sonay Sheikhi, Mahsa Sadat Navab Safiadin, Minoo Rahmani, Roya Forootan, and Gordon J. G. Asmundson. “A Hierarchical Uncertainty Framework of Anxiety: Preregistered Meta-Analytic Structural Model of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Worry across Anxiety Disorders.” Clinical Psychology Review 128 (2026): 102773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102773.
Intergroup Threat, Prejudice, and Negative Generalization
Riek, Blake M., Eric W. Mania, and Samuel L. Gaertner. “Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 4 (2006): 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4.
Paolini, Stefania, and Kylie McIntyre. “Bad Is Stronger Than Good for Stigmatized, but Not Admired Outgroups: Meta-Analytical Tests of Intergroup Valence Asymmetry in Individual-to-Group Generalization Experiments.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 23, no. 1 (2019): 3–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317753504.
Paolini, Stefania, Meghann Gibbs, Brett Sales, Danielle Anderson, and Kylie McIntyre. “Negativity Bias in Intergroup Contact: Meta-Analytical Evidence That Bad Is Stronger Than Good, Especially When People Have the Opportunity and Motivation to Opt Out of Contact.” Psychological Bulletin 150, no. 8 (2024): 921–964. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000439.
Satanic Panic, McMartin, Suggestion, and False Allegations
Garven, Sena, James M. Wood, Roy S. Malpass, and John S. Shaw III. “More Than Suggestion: The Effect of Interviewing Techniques from the McMartin Preschool Case.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83, no. 3 (1998): 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.347.
Garven, Sena, James M. Wood, and Roy S. Malpass. “Allegations of Wrongdoing: The Effects of Reinforcement on Children’s Mundane and Fantastic Claims.” Journal of Applied Psychology 85, no. 1 (2000): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.38.
Goodman, Gail S., Jodi A. Quas, Bette L. Bottoms, Jianjian Qin, Phillip R. Shaver, Holly Orcutt, and Cheryl Shapiro. “Children’s Religious Knowledge: Implications for Understanding Satanic Ritual Abuse Allegations.” Child Abuse & Neglect 21, no. 11 (1997): 1111–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00070-7.
Trust, Loneliness, Social Exclusion, and Conspiracy Beliefs
Godžáková, Dana, and Jakub Šrol. “Mind in Doubt and Isolated Soul: Examining Longitudinal Relationships Between Conspiracy Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Interpersonal Trust, Loneliness and Social Exclusion.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 36, no. 3 (2026): e70267. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70267.

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BIBLIOGRAPHYBrown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. University of Chicago Press, 1981.Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. Columbia University Press, 1988.Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.Wiśniewski, Robert. The Beginnings of the Cult of Relics. Oxford University Press, 2019.Yasin, Ann Marie. Saints and Church Spaces in the Late Antique Mediterranean: Architecture, Cult, and Community. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Saxer, Victor. Morts, martyrs, reliques en Afrique chrétienne aux premiers siècles. Beauchesne, 1980.Trout, Dennis E. Paulinus of Nola: Life, Letters, and Poems. University of California Press, 1999.Rapp, Claudia. Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. University of California Press, 2005.Hahn, Cynthia. Strange Beauty: Issues in the Making and Meaning of Reliquaries, 400–circa 1204. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012.Hahn, Cynthia. “Seeing and Believing: The Construction of Sanctity in Early-Medieval Saints’ Shrines.” Speculum, vol. 72, no. 4, 1997, pp. 1079–1106.Geary, Patrick J. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages. Princeton University Press, 1978.Vikan, Gary. Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art. Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Vikan, Gary. Sacred Images and Sacred Power in Byzantium. Ashgate, 2003.Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria. Encountering the Sacred: The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late Antiquity. University of California Press, 2005.Hunt, E. D. Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire AD 312–460. Clarendon Press, 1982.Wilkinson, John. Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades. Aris & Phillips, 1977.Wilkinson, John. Egeria’s Travels to the Holy Land. 3rd ed., Aris & Phillips, 1999.Egeria. Egeria: Diary of a Pilgrimage. Translated by George E. Gingras. Newman Press, 1970.Egeria. The Pilgrimage of Egeria: A New Translation of the Itinerarium Egeriae with Introduction and Commentary. Translated by Anne McGowan and Paul F. Bradshaw. Liturgical Press, 2018.Sivan, Hagith. “Who Was Egeria? Piety and Pilgrimage in the Age of Gratian.” Harvard Theological Review, vol. 81, no. 1, 1988, pp. 59–72.Biddle, Martin. The Tomb of Christ. Sutton Publishing, 1999.Coüasnon, Charles. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Oxford University Press, 1974.Gibson, Shimon, and Joan E. Taylor. Beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: The Archaeology and Early History of Traditional Golgotha. Palestine Exploration Fund, 1994.Ousterhout, Robert. “Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones of the Holy Sepulchre.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 62, no. 1, 2003, pp. 4–23.Krautheimer, Richard. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Yale University Press, 1986.Grabar, André. Martyrium: Recherches sur le culte des reliques et l’art chrétien antique. Collège de France, 1946.Jensen, Robin M. Understanding Early Christian Art. Routledge, 2000.Jensen, Robin M. Baptismal Imagery in Early Christianity: Ritual, Visual, and Theological Dimensions. Baker Academic, 2012.Webb, Matilda. The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome: A Comprehensive Guide. Sussex Academic Press, 2001.Bowes, Kim. Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, 2008.MacCormack, Sabine. Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity. University of California Press, 1981.Bradshaw, Paul F. The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Methods for the Study of Early Liturgy. Oxford University Press, 2002.Bradshaw, Paul F., and Maxwell E. Johnson. The Origins of Feasts, Fasts and Seasons in Early Christianity. Liturgical Press, 2011.Taft, Robert F. The Liturgy of the Hours in East and West: The Origins of the Divine Office and Its Meaning for Today. Liturgical Press, 1986.Mango, Cyril. Byzantine Architecture. Electa/Rizzoli, 1976.Ousterhout, Robert. Eastern Medieval Architecture: The Building Traditions of Byzantium and Neighboring Lands. Oxford University Press, 2019.Useful Primary and Late Antique SourcesEgeria. Itinerarium Egeriae, also known as The Pilgrimage of Egeria. Essential for Holy Land pilgrimage, Jerusalem liturgy, Good Friday veneration of the Cross, and the relationship between Scripture, ritual, and place.Cyril of Jerusalem. Catechetical Lectures. Useful for fourth-century Jerusalem, initiation, baptismal theology, and the sacred environment of late antique Christian teaching.Jerome. Letters. Useful for pilgrimage, sacred geography, ascetic networks, and Christian devotion to the Holy Land.Paulinus of Nola. Letters and Poems. Useful for relic devotion, saintly patronage, shrine culture, and the cult of Felix at Nola.Augustine. City of God. Useful for Christian interpretations of paganism, sacred history, relic miracles, and the theology of the heavenly and earthly cities.Augustine. Sermons. Useful for martyr feasts, relic devotion, Christian memory, and the pastoral handling of saint veneration.Theodoret of Cyrrhus. The Cure of Pagan Maladies. Useful for late antique Christian arguments against paganism and for understanding the Christian replacement of older sacred forms.Gregory of Nyssa. Life of Macrina and related writings. Useful for Christian death, sanctity, holy bodies, and late antique attitudes toward ascetic holiness.


Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.