In this tale, originally from the work of Chuang Tzu, a simple problem illustrates two different kind of thinking errors we make in day to day life and how Taoism seeks to help us avoid them.

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READ ALONG SERIES - KANT'S "PROLEGOMENA"

Having moved on from Empiricism and Idealism, Kant now undercut the foundations of Metaphysics by putting strict limits on the power of its insights while simultaneously establishing that metaphysics is, nonetheless, the best we can do in the way of thinking. He completes his run through the foundations of philosophical history much like Napoleon smashing through Europe - he destroys a lot but it is hard to see just what he built to go in its place. Roughly speaking, phenomenology, epistemology, ontology, existentialism and language philosophers have been struggling to recover ever since. 

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CAPITALISM: EP. 4

The birth of the Dutch East India Company in 1602 is a watershed moment in the history of capitalism. A new power is brought into the world that the Dutch political powers used to create wealth and compete with their neighbors. However, this company also had many unintended consequences that we are still living with today.

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In a very simplified version of the famous Yaksha parable from the Mahabharata, we encounter the strangely rich and human nature of Hindu stories. In the original, there are something like 30 different questions so I have just mentioned a few of them here.

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READ ALONG SERIES - KANT'S "PROLEGOMENA"

So we now get to the point Kant has been angling towards the whole time. What do we gain from all of this thinking for metaphysics? Answer, we gain insight into the entire possible range of human understanding - only granting that the range is quite limited. He begins his argument by refuting the two major approaches to science and thinking generally prevalent in his time; idealism and empiricism. I find Kan’t powerful critique of these two outlooks helpful to keep in mind when encountering arguments that just assume the relevance and correctness of their world view and then prove something - empiricists are particularly guilty here - with little or no reflection on the often shaky foundations of their assumptions.

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CAPITALISM: EP. 3

The need for revenue and the fracturing of the European social order that accompanied the Reformation led to the slow development of a new vision of the individual and of trade and markets that launched the capitalist world as we know it today.

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One of the great moments of human compassion and expressions of the utter waste of war. While Achilles is often raised as the symbol of the ultimate warrior, here he weeps and acknowledges the pointlessness and painfulness of war.

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READ ALONG SERIES - KANT'S "PROLEGOMENA"

It turns out that Science is possible! That is the good news. The bad news is that what science actually tells us is not what we might hope. The limits of empiricism and logic are explored and the foundations of what gives science its power to analyze the world is completely re-defined in this section of the prolegomena. 

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CAPITALISM: EP. 2

As a Political Philosophy Capitalism contains a theory of the individual that includes the idea of natural rights - most importantly the right to private property. However, in practice, what this amounts to is the inalienable right to sell yourself into the marketplace, an opportunity resisted by people for centuries. It is the double step of creating a private space, and then creating an idea of people and citizenship that forces people to fill that space that shapes the Capitalist world today.

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READ ALONG SERIES - KANT'S "PROLEGOMENA"

As we dive into the foundations of natural science, I pause for a moment to consider the power of Kant’s argument relative to the foundations of mathematics. His arguments have proven pretty much correct relative to the foundations of mathematics as accepted today and so I think we should pay special attention to how he understands the foundations of the natural sciences.

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