The Directory's tenuous hold on power continues to slip away as it faces off against an array of hostile powers in every direction. Meanwhile, the ideological divides within Ukraine itself become increasingly apparent.

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Bibliography:

Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975. 

Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019. 

Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970

Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977.

Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970.

Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021.

Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952.

Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917.

Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák.

Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.