Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today's lecture dives into the State Legislature, governed by Articles 168 to 212 of the Constitution, which detail its structure, procedures, and powers. Most states operate under a unicameral system, while six employ a bicameral system. We'll explore the composition, qualifications, and roles of members, as well as the functions of presiding officers and the governor.

Understanding the legislative process is crucial. Ordinary bills can originate in either house and undergo readings and debates before receiving the governor's assent. Money bills, introduced only in the assembly, follow special procedures. The legislative council's role is limited, especially concerning money bills. We'll also discuss legislative privileges, ensuring the smooth functioning and protection of members' rights within the state legislature. Thank you.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

In India's states, the parliamentary system mirrors the Union, with the Chief Minister and the council of ministers holding executive authority. Articles 163, 164, 166, 167, and 177 of the Constitution define their roles. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and ministers, who must secure legislative seats within six months if not already members.

The Cabinet, composed of senior ministers, is the main decision-making body, handling policy formulation, administration coordination, and crisis management. Supporting committees help in these functions. This structure ensures effective governance and decision-making at the state level.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

The Constitution of India establishes a parliamentary system for both the Centre and states, detailing the state executive in Part VI (Articles 153-167), which includes the Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, and Advocate General. The Governor is the nominal executive head of a state and an agent of the central government. Appointed by the President, the Governor is not elected. One person can serve as Governor for multiple states.

A Governor must be an Indian citizen and at least 35 years old. Customarily, the Governor is not from the state of appointment, and the President consults the state's Chief Minister. The term is five years, subject to the President's pleasure, and can be extended until a successor assumes office.

The Governor's powers include appointing key state officials, recommending President's Rule, acting as Chancellor of state universities, summoning and dissolving the state legislature, and promulgating ordinances. They also ensure the state budget is presented and can grant pardons and appoint judicial officers.

The Governor has discretionary powers such as reserving bills for the President, recommending President's Rule, and appointing the Chief Minister in a hung assembly. They have special responsibilities in certain states for regional development and law and order.

Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION. Today, we explore Public Interest Litigation (PIL), a crucial judicial tool in the US and India designed to represent overlooked groups.

PIL ensures justice for marginalized groups and upholds the rule of law, addressing large-scale constitutional and legal rights violations.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION. Today, we explore judicial activism, its origins, and its impact in the United States and India. Judicial activism, coined by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in 1947, refers to a judiciary actively shaping social policies. In India, it emerged in the mid-1970s with Justices V. R. Krishna Iyer and P. N. Bhagwati leading efforts to protect citizens' rights and ensure justice.

Judicial activism involves the judiciary enforcing and expanding rights, often stepping in where the legislature and executive fail. It contrasts with judicial restraint, where judges limit their interference in legislative and executive functions. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India exemplifies judicial activism, allowing the judiciary to address broader societal issues.

While judicial review checks the constitutionality of laws, judicial activism proactively interprets laws to promote social betterment. This approach is vital when other branches fail their duties, but it raises concerns about overreach. Judicial restraint emphasizes respecting the separation of powers and adhering to the original intent of the constitution. Understanding both concepts is key to appreciating the judiciary's role in democracy.

Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we delve into the pivotal concept of judicial review, essential for maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution and ensuring conformity of all laws and executive actions to constitutional mandates. Originating in the United States with the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), judicial review empowered the judiciary to declare laws unconstitutional. In India, this power is explicitly granted by the Constitution, enabling both the Supreme Court and High Courts to review legislative and executive actions.

Judicial review in India encompasses constitutional amendments, legislation, and administrative actions. Landmark cases such as Kesavananda Bharati (1973) and the NJAC Act Case (2015) have shaped its contours. This power upholds the Constitution's supremacy, maintains federal balance, and protects fundamental rights, making it a basic feature of the Indian Constitution. Key constitutional provisions like Articles 13, 32, and 226 empower the judiciary in this regard. Judicial review ensures that all governmental actions align with constitutional principles, preserving democratic governance and justice in society.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we explore the Supreme Court of India, a pillar of the country's judiciary with extensive jurisdiction and unique powers. Unlike other supreme courts, it functions as both a federal court and the final court of appeal, akin to the British House of Lords. It serves as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution, protecting citizens' fundamental rights, and has advisory and supervisory roles, granting it unmatched authority.

India’s unified judicial system, established with the Supreme Court at its apex in 1950, contrasts with the United States' dual judicial system. This system includes High Courts and subordinate courts, all enforcing both central and state laws, while in the U.S., federal and state laws are enforced separately by respective judiciaries.

Detailed in Articles 124 to 147 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court's framework includes its organization, independence, jurisdiction, and procedures, regulated by Parliament. The Court has 34 judges, including the Chief Justice, with appointments made by the President following a consultation process that has evolved to emphasize judicial independence.

Judges serve until age 65, with their tenure protected against arbitrary removal. The Supreme Court's powers encompass original, writ, and appellate jurisdictions, advisory roles, judicial review, and interpretation of the Constitution. Its structure and functioning ensure robust oversight of legislative and executive actions, maintaining the rule of law and democratic principles in India.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we explore the vital role of "Other Grants" in parliamentary governance. These grants address extraordinary circumstances, ensuring smooth financial operations.

Supplementary Grants cover unforeseen financial shortfalls within the government's budget, acting as a fiscal booster. Additional Grants cater to unexpected mid-year expenditures for new services. When expenses exceed initial budgets, Excess Grants provide necessary funding. Votes of Credit function as a 'blank cheque' for urgent demands outside the regular budget. Exceptional Grants are for special, non-regular needs, and Token Grants of Re 1 enable reallocation of funds for new services without extra expenditure.

The financial framework of the Parliament includes three key funds:

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we delve into the detailed legislative procedure in the Indian Parliament, exploring the stages every bill undergoes before becoming law. The process, consistent in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, involves several meticulous stages.

Bills fall into two main categories: public bills (government bills) and private bills (private members' bills), further classified into ordinary, money, financial, and constitutional amendment bills.

Ordinary Bills follow a five-stage process:

Money Bills address financial matters and follow a distinct process:

Financial Bills vary in nature:

In deadlock situations over ordinary or financial bills, a joint sitting resolves differences, excluding money and constitutional amendment bills.

Budget Process in Parliament includes six stages:

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