This is a summary of the episode Canine Muscular Dystrophy.

Delve into the crucial role of canine models in advancing treatments for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a devastating, X-linked muscle-wasting disease. This summary covers the latest findings across therapeutic strategies, diagnostic biomarkers, and underlying disease mechanisms derived from sophisticated dog models like the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD), Canine X-linked Muscular Dystrophy in Japan (CXMDj), and the DE50-MD dogs.Gene Therapy Breakthroughs and Treatment TargetsResearch in the DE50-MD model, which mimics a common human mutational hotspot, demonstrates remarkable success in gene editing. Systemic intravenous delivery of Adeno-Associated Virus serotype nine (AAV9) encoding CRISPR-Cas9 components successfully restored Dystrophin protein widely throughout the body. The high dose resulted in up to ninety-two percent of wild-type Dystrophin levels in the heart and significant restoration in skeletal muscles, such as seventy percent in the cranial tibialis and fifty-eight percent in the diaphragm. Histologically, treated muscles showed improvement with reduced necrosis and fibrosis.Beyond gene correction, metabolic strategies offer therapeutic potential. GRMD dogs exhibit significantly reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NAD content in striated muscles, an energy cofactor depleted due to altered synthesis and increased consumption by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Short-term oral supplementation with nicotinamide successfully boosted muscle NDA levels and led to a mild beneficial effect, including a stabilization trend in clinical scores and a significant improvement in the maximal inspiratory/expiratory flows ratio, suggesting modest stabilization of respiratory function.Advanced Diagnostics and Objective BiomarkersObjective measures are crucial for quantifying therapeutic efficacy. The gold standard for assessing skeletal muscle function in preclinical trials is the Eccentric Contraction Decrement (ECD) protocol, which measures the rapid loss of force (torque decrement) when dystrophic muscle lengthens under contraction. Clinically, Dystrophin deficient dogs often present with markedly and persistently elevated Creatine Kinase (CK) levels. Symptoms can include macroglossia (enlarged tongue), reduced mandibular extension, dysphagia (swallowing difficulty), and regurgitation. Radiographic signs often include diaphragmatic thickening and an axial gastro-esophageal hiatal hernia. Clinicians must note that volatile inhalant anesthetic agents can trigger hyperkalemic cardiac arrest due to membrane instability in Dystrophin deficient muscle fibers; therefore, total intravenous anesthesia is recommended. Referenced Articles:• Replenishing NAD+ content reduces aspects of striated muscle disease in a dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy• Digital Outcome Measures for Gait and Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Dystrophic Dogs• Cardio-Physiological Evaluations in a Dog Model with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy• Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy• Exploring Desmin as a Potential Modifier in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy–Associated Cardiomyopathy• Congenital muscular dystrophy in a dog with a LAMA2 gene deletion• Radiographic, MRI, and CT findings in a young dog with Becker-like muscular dystrophy• Longitudinal assessment of skeletal muscle functional mechanics in the DE50-MD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy• Dystrophin-Deficient Muscular Dystrophy in a Family of Shiba Inu Dogs with a Complex Deletion Encompassing DMD Exon 5• Gene editing restores dystrophin expression in a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy• Lymphatic dysfunction is linked to disease pathogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy animal models

Cryoprecipitates and Desmopression in Dogs and Cats Summary

Here is the list of the cited articles for this episode:1. Influence of canine donor plasma hemostatic protein concentration on quality of cryoprecipitate | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | 2019.2. Comparison of albumin, colloid osmotic pressure, von Willebrand factor, and coagulation factors in canine cryopoor plasma, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma | Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2017.3. Clinical use of cryopoor plasma continuous rate infusion in critically ill, hypoalbuminemic dogs | Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2019.4. The role of cryoprecipitate in human and canine transfusion medicine | Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2021.5. An in vitro study of canine cryopoor plasma to correct vitamin K–dependent coagulopathy in dogs | Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2021.6. Effect of Adjuvant Perioperative Desmopressin in Locally Advanced Canine Mammary Carcinoma and its Relation to Histologic Grade | Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association | 2011.7. A phase II dose-escalation trial of perioperative desmopressin (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin) in breast cancer patients | SpringerPlus | 2015.8. DDAVP-induced increases in coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor in the plasma of conscious dogs | Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics | 1986.9. The Effects of Desmopressin on Hemostatic Parameters in the Normal Dog | Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research | 1986.10. Outcome of laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy in dogs with von Willebrand disease or factor VII deficiency: 20 cases (2012–2014) | Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | 2017.11. Antiproliferative Effects of Oxytocin and Desmopressin on Canine Mammary Cancer Cells | Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2016.12. Comparison of Hemostatic Activity in Canine Leukoreduced Cryoprecipitate, Cryopoor Plasma, and Fresh Plasma | Veterinary Clinical Pathology | 2025.13. Retrospective Evaluation of Cryoprecipitate Transfusion in Dogs to Prevent or Treat Hemorrhage: 21 Cases (2009–2023) | Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2025.

This is a summary of the episode Head Trauma.

Here is the list of the articles used as references for this episode:1. Title: Brain Tissue Pulmonary Embolism Due to Severe Blunt Force Head Trauma in a Dog Journal: Journal of Comparative Pathology (J. Comp. Path.) Year: 20202. Title: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF THE HEAD TRAUMA PATIENT Principles and Practice Journal:Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice Year: 20003. Title: Head Trauma Journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice (Vet Clin Small Anim)Year: 20184. Title: Traumatic brain injury in companion animals: Pathophysiology and treatment Journal: Topics in Companion Animal Medicine (Topics in Companion An Med) Year: 20245. Title: Hypernatremia and Coagulopathy May or May Not Be Useful Clinical Biomarkers in Dogs with Head Trauma: A Retrospective Study Journal: Journal of Neurotrauma Year: 20186. Title: Cardiac arrhythmia associated with isolated head trauma in a dog Journal: Journal of Small Animal PracticeYear: 20107. Title: The Prognostic Value of the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale in Head Trauma in Dogs Journal: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (J Vet Intern Med) Year: 20018. Title: Computed tomographic findings in dogs with head trauma and development of a novel prognostic computed tomography–based scoring system Journal: American Journal of Veterinary Research (Am J Vet Res) Year: 20179. Title: Seizures following head trauma in dogs: 259 cases (1999–2009) Journal: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) Year: 201210. Title: Hyperglycemia in dogs and cats with head trauma: 122 cases (1997–1999) Journal: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) Year: 2001

This is a summary of the episode Angiography in Dogs.

Here is a list of articles used as references for this episode. 1. Post-traumatic interventricular septal hematoma in a dog | Journal of Veterinary Cardiology | 20252. Clinical characteristics, echocardiographic findings, and computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in 10 dogs | Journal of Veterinary Cardiology | 20253. Cerebral small vessel disease in a six-month-old Rottweiler with severe subaortic stenosis | Journal of Veterinary Cardiology | 20254. Application of an interactive, stereoscopic three-dimensional viewer to evaluate atrial septal defects in five dogs | Journal of Veterinary Cardiology | 20255. Right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptured into the right atrium in a dog | Journal of Veterinary Cardiology | 20266. Anatomical variations in the tributaries of the normal feline extrahepatic portal system: evaluation with CT angiography | Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | 20257. Horner Syndrome Secondary to Suspected Internal Carotid Artery Dissection in a Golden Retriever | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | 20258. Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Anatomical Characteristics of the Canine Prostatic Artery and Development of a Three-Dimensional Canine Prostate Cancer Model for Simulation of Prostatic Artery Embolization | Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound | 20259. Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Anatomical Characteristics of Canine Head Arteries for Transarterial Chemoembolization of Canine Oronasal Tumors | Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound | 202510. Nontraumatic Pneumorrhachis and Intraforaminal Gas, Presumed Intravascular, Is Occasionally Detected in Dogs Undergoing Computed Tomography AngiographyWithout Immediate Complications | Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound | 202511. Imaging Canine Post- Trabecular Aqueous Outflow Pathways: Effect of Acute Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Normal Eyes | Veterinary Ophthalmology | 202512. Dogs with congenital extrahepatic shunts and absent portal vasculature noted on computed tomographic angiography can successfully undergo surgical attenuation | American Journal of Veterinary Research | 202513. Time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics magnetic resonance angiography for the assessment of vascular characteristics in intracranial and extracranial tumors in veterinary patients | Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2025

This is a summary of the episode Hyperfibrinolysis.

Here is a list of articles used as references for this episode. 1. Hemostatic Disorders Associated with Hepatobiliary Disease, Vet Clin Small Anim, 2017.2. A Review of the Pathophysiology, Classification, and Analysis of Canine and Feline Cavitary Effusions, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 2011.3. A review of hyperfibrinolysis in cats and dogs, Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2019.4. Hyperfibrinolysis in a dog with strongyloidiasis, Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2025.5. Hyperfibrinolysis and Hypofibrinogenemia Diagnosed With Rotational Thromboelastometry in Dogs Naturally Infected With Angiostrongylus vasorum, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2017.6. Lipoprotein profile of pleural and peritoneal transudates in dogs and cats, J Vet Intern Med, 2022.7. Hyperfibrinolysis in Cats: A Retrospective Case–Control Study of 154 Cats, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2025.8. Retrospective Evaluation of the Causes and Fluid Characteristics of Cavitary Effusions in Dogs and Cats, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2025.9. Hyperfibrinolysis diagnosed with rotational thromboelastometry and treated with tranexamic acid in a dog with acute traumatic coagulopathy, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 2018.10. Development of Reference Intervals for the TEG 6s, a Point- of- Care Viscoelastic Assay, in Dogs, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2025.11. Fibrinolysis in Dogs with Intracavitary Effusion: A Review, Animals, 2022.12. Case report: Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy with concurrent paraneoplastic secondary hyperfibrinolysis in a dog with metastatic nasal adenocarcinoma, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2024.13. Tranexamic acid stops hyperfibrinolysis in dogs with hemorrhagic shock: a randomized, controlled clinical trial, J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2024.