The real euro area house price has increased steadily since 1997 reaching more than 6.5% in 2004 and 2005. The rise on its own is not as striking as the long lasting effect of the phenomenon. Indeed, it is the longest lasting house price increase ever experience in the euro area since data are available. Due to a lack of data, I use panel econometrics. The estimated coefficients are then used to generate euro area fitted values in all three papers. In my first paper, I investigate the question whether we can explain past house price movements by the arbitrage theory. Since arbitrage is a static phenomenon, I use within FE and RE estimators. The pattern of the residuals proves that arbitrage is not the core mechanism in house price determination. This may be due to large transaction costs, but also housing is un-tradable by nature, and finally government regulations. Alternative explanations are, friendly tax schemes to promote home ownership against alternative assets, government regulations like tenants rights, and finally massive public investment to build social houses for small income households.
Instead, in my second paper, I suggest to analyze directly the interaction of supply and demand together with the mortgage market. Due to endogeneity, Anderson & Hsiao (1981) and the GMM Arellano-Bond (1991) dynamic panel estimator (AB) are used. However, in macro-panel data, the time dimension is much larger than the cross-sectional dimension. A trade-off arises between efficiency and consistency. Thus, the results are checked by means of LSDV (Least Square Dummy Variables) estimates, which are indeed close to the AB estimates. In the third paper, a general equilibrium model underpins the choice of macro-variables. To disentangle long-term from short-term dynamics, the PMG (Pooled Mean Group) estimator developed by Pesaran, Shin & Smith (1997) is used. The PMG assumes homogeneity of long-run coefficients (or a sub-set) but without making implausible assumption of common short-term coefficients. In the short-term coefficients are allowed to vary across countries. Indeed, mortgage and house market in the euro area are characterized to be strongly heterogeneous.
The conclusions on the short-term dynamics of the house prices are alike between the second and the third paper. As regards the factors: disposable income per capita and the autoregressive term mostly drive the house price dynamics. Moreover, the demographic variables and rents do not account in the short term house price dynamics. The conclusion on the long-term house price are mainly explained in the third paper. The empirical results of the Panel ECM suggest a strong long-term empirical relationship between house price and disposable income, interest rate, stock of dwelling, population, but also mortgage loan. However, long-term house price equilibrium is mainly driven by disposable incomes and interest rates.
How can we explain the long lasting house price increase in the euro area? First, in the wake of the monetary union process, household’s in the euro area experienced a positive shift in their borrowing capacity which had a positive impact on house price dynamics. Second, the euro area business cycle since 1999 has been stabilized by means of an optimal leaning against the wind policy which has no pedigree in the euro area. The slowdown of the economy since 2001 has been offset by an accommodative policy. Monetary policy stance indicators like interest rate and mortgage loan development prove a leaning against the wind policy which sustained strong housing demand. Excess demand factor indicates that sticky supply did not react quickly enough, the overshooting of demand kept soaring house prices.
Current house price cycle is above 2% since 1998, i.e. already 8 years (10 years with our adjustment process), the longest lasting cycle ever experienced. Thus, two effects explain this fact. The low interest rate in level due to the gained credibility and variation in in