This week we go over a brief explanation of comparative linguistics before we dive into the theories of the Proto-Indo European language and its origin. We also talk about their reconstructed creation myth.

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The scope of this episode shifted due to a some questions I got in relation to last week's episode. So the first half of this episode ended up being a follow up on last week's. As for our coverage of Proto-Indo European I just decided to limit it for this week to the origins of the theory by talking about the popular attribution of it and linguistic study to William Jones.

If you would like to skip the horse domestication follow up jump to 14:35

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This week we talk about Horses and their domestication. This includes the wide range of dates given when this may have happened. The make up of their herds or harems. Their relationship to the Tarpan and Przewalski's horse. We also discuss some of their by products and intelligence.

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This week we cover the Samara and Khvalynsk cultures of the Eurasian Steppe and begin to move into the Chalcolithic. We talk about how they emerged from interactions of the Dnieper Donets and the late mesolithic/early neolithic peoples of the Middle Volga. We cover their pottery and the evolution of their burial practices. We then discuss the emergence of the Khvalynsk culture and the mystery and debate on the subject. We then cover their innovation of and use of the kurgan for their own unique burial practices.

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This week's episode was cut short due to a power outage, but we still cover the Sredny Stog culture and its regional variation in Novodanilkova. We talk about their increasing reliance on herding and agriculture and changes to their pottery. We also talk about the increase of horse bones found at their sites and the possibility of them being the first to keep domesticated horses. We also go over their burial practices and how they're different from the preceding Dnieper-Donets culture.

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This week we begin what will be a few episodes of talking about the various material cultures of Eastern Europe. This week we cover the Hunter-Gathering-Fishing peoples of the Bug-Dniester and Dnieper-Donets and how and why each began to transition to pastoralism and to lesser extents agriculture.

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This week we talk about Siberia as it's people move into the Neolithic after the final disappearance of mammoths. We also talk about waves of migrations from the south and west and migrations out of Siberia and the effects this had on the distribution of Siberian languages. We also discuss the emergence of some permanent settles set up by hunter gathers in the region.

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We're back from break sans theme until I hear back from a copyright claim. This week we go over some changes to Australia's coastal environment due to the rising sea levels and the changes this causes to some Australian art and diet. We also discuss the peopling of the Furneaux Group

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This week we discuss the expanding role and scope of agriculture on the island of New Guinea as well as of fishing due to the rising water levels. We cover their own unique advancements further into the Neolithic. We also go over the wide variety among and disagreements about modern Papuan languages.

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There is some big speculation in this week's episode and I forgot to point that out!

This week's episode we cover the peoples of the Malay Peninsula. These are the ancestors of the Senoi and Semang people.

I also talk about peoples living in some of the Indonesian Islands. I mentioned them as being related to the Semang or Negrito peoples of the Malay Peninsula. That is speculation and I will go into more detail on that next week. I meant to talk about that theory and others, but forgot to do so in detail. Apologies!

Also for those wondering Papua New Guinea will be covered in our segment on Australia this season.

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