Investments in skills are instrumental in achieving social and economic goals. From the perspective of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, skills are important to achieving SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth, SDG 4 which includes TVET, and others.

Be that as it may, levels of financing of skills and lifelong learning remain inadequate and not in tune with national development needs. The national financing gap for SDG4 during the period 2023-30 for example is large and growing in low- and middle-income countries.

The importance of skills will be reaffirmed at the Second World Summit for Social Development in November 2025 that builds on the 10 Commitments of the first Social Summit in 1995 and aims at accelerating poverty eradication and promoting full employment, decent work, and social inclusion.

So, can we bridge the investment divide? In this podcast, we address these issues, specifically the issue of financing skills and lifelong learning for economic and social development, with our guests Jean-Francois Klein, ILO Employment Policy advisor, and Pedro Moreno da Fonseca, ILO Technical Specialist on Lifelong Learning.

In this sixth episode of Refugees at work – What are their prospects?, we explore how the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus (HDPN) is reshaping the international refugee response. Speakers, Svein Erik Stav and Tewodros Aragie Kebede share research findings and field experience from Uganda, Ethiopia, Jordan and Colombia, where new policies have expanded refugee access to work and fostered economic inclusion.

The discussion highlights the positive impacts of granting refugees the right to work, the importance of aligning humanitarian and development policies, and the need to adapt Nexus models to local realities.

With insights into both successes and ongoing constraints, the episode underscores how refugees can move from dependency to self-reliance when given the right opportunities — benefiting not only themselves but also host communities and national economies.

The majority of the world’s refugees live in countries with fragile economies, where opportunities for employment and self-reliance are often limited. With displacement lasting more than a decade on average, the question of how refugees can build sustainable livelihoods has become increasingly urgent.

In this fifth episode of Refugees at work – What are their Prospects?, Professor Alexander Betts and Bisimwa Mulemangabo discuss how refugees navigate labour markets, the barriers they face, and the innovative ways they create livelihoods.

The conversation explores the diversity of refugee economies, from small-scale entrepreneurship to professional employment, and highlights how policies, host community dynamics, and private sector engagement can shape outcomes.

Crucially, the discussion emphasizes the role of refugee agency — refugees’ own voices, choices, and aspirations — in designing effective and lasting solutions. By centring refugees as economic actors rather than passive recipients of aid, the episode points to pathways that can foster dignity, inclusion, and shared prosperity for both refugees and host communities.

This episode traces the ILO’s long history of engagement in displacement contexts, from its early work in the aftermath of the World Wars to its leadership today in promoting decent work for refugees and host community members. Nick Grisewood explains how the Syrian crisis, the New York Declaration, and the Global Compact on Refugees shaped the ILO’s renewed involvement and laid the foundation for the PROSPECTS Programme.

At the heart of the discussion is the importance of labour market inclusion. Nick outlines how PROSPECTS brings together humanitarian and development actors, host governments, and the private sector to support more inclusive economies and societies. By addressing barriers such as work permit bottlenecks, skills mismatch, and onerous business registration procedures, the programme supports refugees and host communities to access sustainable livelihoods, reduce vulnerability, and contribute to national development.

The third episode of the Refugees at Work series turns to the critical role of donors in advancing inclusive and sustainable responses to forced displacement. Ana Uzelac reflects on how the Netherlands has pioneered new approaches through the PROSPECTS partnership, shifting from short-term humanitarian aid to multi-annual development financing that prioritizes refugee self-reliance and host community resilience. The conversation explores what sets PROSPECTS apart from traditional donor instruments, the added value of joint programming among international organizations, and the legacy such models can leave for policy, practice, and the lives of refugees and their hosts.

This PROSPECTS podcast episode explores young refugees’ rights to and at work. Despite international commitments recognizing their right to decent work, refugee youth continue to face legal, political, and practical barriers to full economic inclusion. Hasan Almatroud, a young Syrian refugee leader and Programme Coordinator for Amala Education in Jordan, and Shadya Abduljabbar, a Yemeni refugee in Ethiopia and Founder of Ethio Friends Foundation discuss their experiences, the challenges of navigating the labour market, and the importance of protecting and promoting youth rights at work.

The number of refugees worldwide has doubled in the past decade to 32 million, making forced displacement one of the defining challenges of our time. Yet the struggle to balance humanitarian response, labour market realities, and long-term development is not new.

In this second episode of Refugees at Work – What Are Their Prospects?, we speak with Katy Long about the ILO’s 100-year history navigating refugee and migration issues. From the League of Nations’ response to Russian refugees in the 1920s to the Cold War politics that reshaped the international system, the conversation reveals surprising continuities and enduring challenges.

Together, they discuss how historical approaches to employment, migration, and displacement continue to shape today’s policy choices — and what bold, creative solutions may be needed to ensure refugees can fully contribute to economic and social development in their host communities.

The first episode in the series provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving dynamics of forced displacement and their implications for labour markets and development policy in host countries. Professor Zetter outlines key trends, including the increasingly protracted nature of refugee situations, the shift from camps to urban settlements, and the increasing importance of labour market access.

The discussion highlights how the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus and initiatives such as the PROSPECTS partnership can foster more coherent, inclusive, and sustainable responses, positioning refugees not only as beneficiaries of assistance, but also as active contributors to economic and social development.

ILO Senior Researcher Pawel Gmyrek joins Manjula Selvarajah, technology columnist and host at CBC Radio One (Canada), to unpack the findings of a new ILO Working Paper on generative AI and jobs. The conversation explores how GenAI is transforming the world of work, the methodology behind the ILO’s refined global exposure index, and what policymakers, workers, and employers should keep in mind as the technology evolves.

🔗 Read the full paper: https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure

What happens when algorithms — not people — decide who gets hired, promoted, or assigned the night shift?

In this debut episode of Work in Progress, Alessandro from the ILO Research Department speaks with Nikolai Rogovsky, Senior Economist at the ILO, about how artificial intelligence is transforming human resource management — and what it means for fairness, dignity, and the future of work.

With nearly 30 years at the ILO and a PhD from Wharton, Nikolai unpacks insights from ILO Working Paper No. 95, exploring how companies are using AI in hiring and workforce optimization — and the risks this poses to decent work.

To read the paper discussed in this episode, visit:

https://www.ilo.org/publications/artificial-intelligence-human-resource-management-challenge-human-centred-1

Work in Progress is a podcast from the ILO Research Department, sharing early ideas and behind-the-scenes perspectives on the changing world of work.