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Few behavioral terms or concepts have engendered as much discussion, confusion, and heated debate among zoo professionals, behaviorists, and animal trainers over the past thirty years as the Least Reinforcing Scenario, known simply as LRS. Two of the original LRS architects, Chuck Tompkins and Ted Turner, describe the concept and the fundamental shift in behavioral psychology it represented by rejecting the status quo of traditional animal training that urged trainers to say "no" to animals when they make a mistake. Chuck and Ted clarify what the LRS is and is not, and why its development made trustful relationships and incredible behavioral advancements with with killer whales possible. The LRS has since been applied to the care of hundreds of other marine and terrestrial species, as well as, domestic pets.

That Sounds Wild: orcas. SeaWorld Hubbs Research Institute.

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Dr. Andreas Fahlman returns with doctoral candidate Alicia Espinosa to describe their research using tools and knowledge of human spirometry to better understand dolphin pulmonary function. Their goal is to establish a baseline of small cetacean pulmonary physiology measures for use in assessing wild and stranded dolphin respiratory health.

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That Sounds Wild: Bottlenose Dolphin whistle

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With science proving to be an easy target these days for those looking to politicize it, what lasting harm is done to the public discourse and society's faith in anything the research community at large has to report on any subject, in those rare instances when unsubstantiated, misleading, or unethically crafted papers clear a respected journal's peer review process?

Dr. Heather Hill, principle author of the recent rebuttal letter to one such concerning peer-reviewed paper joins researcher Jason Bruck, PhD to discuss the implications for us all.

That Sounds Wild: Red Tailed Hawk. Frank Buck Zoo

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When the plea for help went out across the US for medical professionals to lend their talents to the city hit hardest by the COVID-19 pandemic, like nearly 100 thousand of his colleagues, Ohio surgeon Dr. Ray Gagliardi answered the call. Dr. Ray shares his insights into the myriad of ways the deadly disease attacks the human body making it much more than just a respiratory illness.

That Sounds Wild: Great Horned Owls. Frank Buck Zoo

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John Lukas is president of the Okapi Conservation Project which works in the Democratic Republic of Congo to study, protect and preserve the elusive large mammal known as okapi, nicknamed the ghost of the forest. Despite its large size for a forest-dwelling species, the okapi, a relative of the giraffe, was only recently described by western civilization in the early 1900's. Its great mass enables it to easily plow through dense jungle forests which serve to camouflage the species from predators like leopards as well as humans.

That Sounds Wild: Flamingos Frank Buck Zoo

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The Director of Research for the Dolphin Research Center, Dr. Kelly Jaakkola is back describing a recent Connecticut bill intended to ban all relevant activities surrounding cetaceans living in human care. The bill's timing coincides with a federal import permit application by the state's only marine mammal facility, the Mystic Aquarium, seeking to add a handful of beluga whales born at a crowded facility in Canada. Mystic Aquarium has a well regarded rescue and research program for animals in human care and the wild so the bill's intent seems more concerned with ending public display rather than ensuring the best possible welfare interests of these animals. Not surprisingly, the bill's author has publicly denounced keeping cetaceans in human care and is a vocal member of an anti-zoo organization.

That Sounds Wild: Red Foxes. Frank Buck Zoo

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The National Marine Mammal Foundation has been studying chronic effects from the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, one of the largest oil spills in history. The NMMF's Director of Medicine, Dr. Forrest Gomez describes some of the findings from field research and wild population assessments on cetacean health and reproduction, particularly for bottlenose dolphins. The data shows dolphins are still experiencing toxic effects more than 10 years later with some populations not expected to recover for decades.

That Sounds Wild: Squirrel monkey. Frank Buck Zoo.

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San Antonio Zoo CEO Tim Morrow describes recent acquisitions, animal habitat improvements, and the William Smith Zoo School for preschool children at the historic zoo. In a story playing out at zoological facilities across the nation and world, Tim also describes the sudden financial and staffing challenges that the COVID-19 pandemic has presented to this non-profit facility that is entirely dependent upon earned revenues and donations to fund its operations. No facility, regardless of tax and ownership status or funding sources has been immune to the economic impact of the pandemic. Yet, despite these unprecedented professional and personal hurdles, dedicated animal professionals continue to provide great care to their animal collections.

That Sounds Wild: European Barn Owl Animal Edutainment

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With the 50th anniversary of Earth Day, wildlife conservationist Julie Scardina introduces us to the work of Wild Earth Allies and its executive director, Katie Frohardt. WEA has conservation interests around the globe with a keen interest in Central Africa and the preservation of gorillas. With the aid of scientists experienced at successfully studying and conserving mountain gorillas from the brink of extinction a few decades ago to well over 1000 individuals today, WEA is working to preserve the endangered Grauer's gorilla. Mitigating the threats to this lowland gorilla subspecies whose population is decreasing by 5% per year is made more difficult by their wider yet patchy distribution over a vast range that varies in habitat quality. One effort supported by WEA to help the gorillas and the local communities that depend upon the same resources is the sorting of gorilla dung to identify preferred foodstuffs and to collect seeds for use in restoring forests by way of two community nurseries.

That Sounds Wild: North American Porcupine. Animal Edutainment

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As the oldest animal welfare organization in the US, American Humane and its CEO Dr. Robin Ganzert work to improve welfare across the companion, military, farm, entertainment, and zoological animal world. As the SARS-CoV-2 spread continues to affect the lives of animals and people around the globe, American Humane is stepping up to provide online materials and support to organizations and animals in need. Dr. Ganzert discusses how the current pandemic is more evidence of how humans have violated the social contract we have with animals and that we must do better to share humane values and practices around the nation and the world.

Plus last week's guest, University of Minnesota veterinary epidemiologist, Dr. Dominic Travis joins us again to discuss the late breaking news about a tiger at the Bronx zoo that tested positive for COVID-19 and what the implications are for zoo and domestic animals. Rather than a reason to panic, Dr. Travis says this incident highlights the important and longstanding scientific role of modern zoos and aquariums as sentinels for zoonotic disease. He argues that zoological facilities and professionals play an integral part of the broader public health community to curb this pandemic and to monitor, prepare for, and mitigate future ones.

That Sounds Wild: Clouded Leopard. Frank Buck Zoo

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Bronx Zoo info on tiger testing positive for COVID-19

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