十九世紀中葉 shí jiǔ shì jì zhōng yè - mid-19th century

西方列強 xī fāng liè qiáng - Western powers

侵略 qīn lüè - invasion, aggression

地理大發現 dì lǐ dà fā xiàn - Age of Discovery (Great Geographical Discoveries)

船隻 chuán zhī - ships, vessels

接觸 jiē chù - contact, interaction

工業革命 gōng yè gé mìng - Industrial Revolution

迅速 xùn sù - rapid, fast

武器 wǔ qì - weapons

先進 xiān jìn - advanced, sophisticated

淪為 lún wéi - to become (a worse state), to be reduced to

半殖民半封建 bàn zhí mín bàn fēng jiàn - semi-colonial and semi-feudal

屈辱 qū rǔ - humiliation, disgrace

鴉片貿易 yā piàn mào yì - opium trade

清朝 qīng cháo - Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)

戰敗 zhàn bài - to be defeated in war

簽訂 qiān dìng - to sign (a treaty, contract)

南京條約 nán jīng tiáo yuē - Treaty of Nanjing

開放通商口岸 kāi fàng tōng shāng kǒu àn - opening trade ports

割讓香港 gē ràng xiāng gǎng - ceding Hong Kong

主權 zhǔ quán - sovereignty

喪失 sàng shī - to lose (rights, sovereignty, etc.)

實力 shí lì - strength, capability

大幅下降 dà fú xià jiàng - to decline sharply

八國聯軍 bā guó lián jūn - Eight-Nation Alliance (1900 invasion of China)

侵華 qīn huá - invasion of China

入侵 rù qīn - to invade

以...為由 yǐ ... wéi yóu - using ... as an excuse

鎮壓 zhèn yā - to suppress, to crack down

義和團 yì hé tuán - Boxer Rebellion (anti-foreign movement in 1899-1901)

攻進 gōng jìn - to attack and enter

佔領 zhàn lǐng - to occupy

紫禁城 zǐ jìn chéng - Forbidden City

洗劫 xǐ jié - to loot, to plunder

頤和園 yí hé yuán - Summer Palace

辛丑條約 xīn chǒu tiáo yuē - Boxer Protocol (1901 treaty)

賠款 péi kuǎn - reparations, indemnity

白銀 bái yín - silver (currency in historical China)

消弱 xiāo ruò - to weaken, to diminish

處境 chǔ jìng - situation, plight

艱難 jiān nán - difficult, tough

偽滿洲國 wèi mǎn zhōu guó - Manchukuo (puppet state in Northeast China, 1932-1945)

殖民統治 zhí mín tǒng zhì - colonial rule

南京大屠殺 nán jīng dà tú shā - Nanjing Massacre (1937)

殺害 shā hài - to kill, to murder

不甘心 bù gān xīn - unwilling to accept, resentful

打壓 dǎ yā - suppression, crackdown

自尊心 zì zūn xīn - self-esteem, sense of dignity

損害 sǔn hài - to damage, to harm

致力於 zhì lì yú - to commit to, to devote efforts to

話語權 huà yǔ quán - discourse power, right to speak in international affairs

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