On 20 years since the 2005 riots.

Fred Lyra, philosopher and musicologist based in Paris, joins Alex to talk about France through 4 moments: 1995 – the last moment of classic class struggle; 2005 – riots in the banlieues; 2015 – Islamist terror; 2025 – government collapse.

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How were the riots normalised? And what was the state's response?

Why did the riots prompt debates about "models of integration"?

Why is there an "excess" of state in the banlieues, and an absence of state in left-behind smaller cities?

How did France go from the Nuits Debouts protests to the Gillet Jaunes – and how did they differ?

What about Bloquons Tout protests and the repeated fall of governments today?

Links:

The Peripherisation of France, Fred Lyra, A Terra É Redonda

Two, Three, or More Fractures in French Society?, Fred Lyra, A Terra É Redonda

Bonapartist Solutions, Dylan Riley, Sidecar

Nuits Debout: Up All Night, Fred Lyra, Lavra Palavra