A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
• Three Genoese galleys and a Byzantine blockade runner fight their way through an Ottoman blockading fleet a few weeks before the fall of Constantinople.
• Jacques Cartier begins his first voyage to what is today the east coast of Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador.
• The sun dog phenomenon is observed over Stockholm, as later depicted in the famous painting Vädersolstavlan.
• Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament.
• Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet under heavy fire at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
• Freedom of religion is granted to the Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City).
• Deposed monarch James II of England lays siege to Derry.
• Start of Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War, a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740-57).
• The Georgian king, Erekle II, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins a victory over Ottoman forces at Aspindza.

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• The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
• Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria).
• Empress Irene organizes a conspiracy against her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI. He is deposed and blinded. Shortly after, Constantine dies of his wounds; Irene proclaims herself basileus.
• The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which accused Jews are being slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics.
• Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.
• In Ireland: O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry.
• The town of Uusikaupunki (Swedish: Nystad, lit. "New Town") was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
• The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
• With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa was not born until 1717.
• Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.

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• King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The patrician Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.
• The cornerstone of the current St. Peter's Basilica is laid.
• Bona Sforza is crowned as queen consort of Poland.
• Trial of Martin Luther begins its second day during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. He refuses to recant his teachings despite the risk of excommunication.
• Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros.
• Real Academia de la Historia ("Royal Academy of History") is founded in Madrid.
• American Revolution: The British advancement by sea begins; Paul Revere and other riders warn the countryside of the troop movements.
• The University of Alabama is founded in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
• American victory at the battle of Cerro Gordo opens the way for invasion of Mexico.
• "The Spirits Book" by Allan Kardec is published, marking the birth of Spiritualism in France.
• Battle of Dybbøl: A Prussian-Austrian army defeats Denmark and gains control of Schleswig. Denmark surrenders the province in the following peace settlement.

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• Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
• The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan II.
• Kaunas Castle falls to the Teutonic Order after a month-long siege.
• Spain and Christopher Columbus sign the Capitulations of Santa Fe for his voyage to Asia to acquire spices.
• Trial of Martin Luther over his teachings begins during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. Initially intimidated, he asks for time to reflect before answering and is given a stay of one day.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano reaches New York harbor.
• Sir Ralph Abercromby attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico, in what would be one of the largest invasions of the Spanish territories in the Americas.
• Citizens of Verona begin an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.
• The state of Virginia's secession convention votes to secede from the United States, later becoming the eighth state to join the Confederate States of America.
• American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins: Troops under Union Army Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Plymouth begins: Confederate forces attack Plymouth, North Carolina.
• Morelos is admitted as the 27th state of Mexico.
• Catalpa rescue: The rescue of six Fenian prisoners from Fremantle Prison in Western Australia.
• The Treaty of Shimonoseki between China and Japan is signed. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea and to concede the southern portion of the Fengtien province, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.
• The Supreme Court of the United States decides Lochner v. New York, which holds that the "right to free contract" is implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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• Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
• Masada, a Jewish fortress, falls to the Romans after several months of siege, ending the First Jewish-Roman War.
• Stefan Dušan, "the Mighty", is crowned Emperor of the Serbs at Skopje, his empire occupying much of the Balkans.
• The Revolt of the Comuneros begins in Spain against the rule of Charles V.
• Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.
• The Battle of Culloden is fought between the French-supported Jacobites and the British Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, in Scotland. After the battle many highland traditions were banned and the Highlands of Scotland were cleared of inhabitants.
• Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg founds the University of Münster.
• French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor: Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.
• The United States Senate ratifies the Rush-Bagot Treaty, limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.
• The French Army captures Veracruz in the Pastry War.
• Shooting of a Māori by an English sailor results in the opening of the Wanganui Campaign of the New Zealand Wars.
• The Great Indian Peninsula Railway opens the first passenger rail in India, from Bori Bunder to Thane.
• The Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is wound up.

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• The Lateran Council condemns the Council of Hieria and anathematizes its iconoclastic rulings.
• Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscard.
• Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Battle of the Terek River. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the throne.
• Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in Northern France.
• Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
• Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of a Royalist Army.
• The Pocotaligo Massacre triggers the start of the Yamasee War in colonial South Carolina.
• Foundation of the Kingdom of Corsica.
• Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, receives its premiere performance in London, England.
• Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language is published in London.
• Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc found the American School for the Deaf, the first American school for deaf students, in Hartford, Connecticut.

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• Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho in the Battle of Bedriacum to take power over Rome.
• After his marriage to the Christian Doubravka of Bohemia, the pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converts to Christianity, an event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.
• Co-Emperor Otto II, a son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu. She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome.
• Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.
• In England, the Yorkists under Edward IV defeat the Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick at the Battle of Barnet; the Earl is killed and Edward IV resumes the throne.
• A celestial phenomenon is reported over Nuremberg, described as an aerial battle.
• Bussa, a slave in British-ruled Barbados, leads a slave rebellion. For this, he is remembered as the first national hero of Barbados.
• Hungary declares itself independent of Austria with Lajos Kossuth as its leader.
• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is shot in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth; Lincoln lives till the following day.

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• Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.
• Miyamoto Musashi defeats Sasaki Kojirō at Funajima island.
• Samuel Argall, having captured Pocahontas in Passapatanzy, Virginia, sets off with her to Jamestown with the intention of exchanging her for English prisoners held by her father.
• The Sikh religion was formalised as the Khalsa – the brotherhood of Warrior-Saints – by Guru Gobind Singh in northern India, in accordance with the Nanakshahi calendar.
• George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah makes its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland.
• American Revolutionary War: American forces are ambushed and defeated in the Battle of Bound Brook, New Jersey.
• The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 gives Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom the right to vote and to sit in Parliament.
• Lajos Kossuth presents the Hungarian Declaration of Independence in a closed session of the National Assembly.
• American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.
• American Civil War: Raleigh, North Carolina is occupied by Union Forces.
• The New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded.
• The Colfax massacre, in which more than 60 black men are murdered, takes place.

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• Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
• Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to Christianity by Paulinus, bishop of York.
• Duke Oldřich of Bohemia deposes and blinds his brother Jaromír, who flees to Poland.
• The Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade breach the walls of Constantinople and enter the city, which they completely occupy the following day.
• The Union Flag is adopted as the flag of English and Scottish ships.
• American Revolution: With the Halifax Resolves, the North Carolina Provincial Congress authorizes its Congressional delegation to vote for independence from Britain.
• The Froberg mutiny ends when the remaining mutineers blow up the magazine of Fort Ricasoli.
• Alexander Ypsilantis is declared leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.
• American Civil War: Battle of Fort Sumter. The war begins with Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.
• American Civil War: The Andrews Raid (the Great Locomotive Chase) occurs, starting from Big Shanty, Georgia (now Kennesaw).
• American Civil War: The Battle of Fort Pillow: Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers that surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.
• American Civil War: Mobile, Alabama, falls to the Union Army.

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• Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
• Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
• War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferrarese forces led by Gaston de Foix and Alfonso I d'Este win the Battle of Ravenna against the Papal-Spanish forces.
• Italian War of 1542-46: A French army defeats Habsburg forces at the Battle of Ceresole, but fails to exploit its victory.
• William III and Mary II are crowned as joint sovereigns of Great Britain.
• War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War): Treaty of Utrecht.
• Premiere of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion BWV 244b at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
• An incomplete British victory over the French fleet at the Battle of the Basque Roads results in the court-martial of James, Lord Gambier.
• The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon Bonaparte, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time.
• Second Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaría burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.
• Former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
• The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is organized.

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