A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. Three years later, he would be deposed due to alleged heresy.
• Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
• Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama visits the Ming dynasty capital at Nanjing. He is awarded the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma".
• Ludovico Sforza is captured by Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
• The settlement of Villa Imperial de Carlos V (now the city of Potosí) in Bolivia is founded after the discovery of huge silver deposits in the area.
• The Virginia Company of London is established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.
• The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, comes into force in Great Britain.
• Robert Walpole resigns from the British government, commencing the Whig Split which lasts until 1720.
• War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia gains control of Silesia at the Battle of Mollwitz.
• Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.

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• The distinguished soldier Septimus Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
• Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.
• Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. He starts, despite shortages, raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges is forced into a stalemate.
• Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.
• Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.
• Despite being outnumbered 16 to 1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.
• The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.
• Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
• Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
• Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.

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• Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
• The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
• Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Innocent II for supporting Anacletus II as pope for seven years, even though Roger had already publicly recognized Innocent's claim to the papacy.
• Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.
• Mongol-Jin War: The Mongols begin their siege on Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty.
• Seventh Crusade: Ayyubids of Egypt capture King Louis IX of France in the Battle of Fariskur.
• In Syria, sultan Baibars conquers the Krak des Chevaliers.
• Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
• Czar Alexander I, the Russian Emperor and the Grand Duke of Finland, officially announces the transfer of the status of the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki.
• The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Milos.
• Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
• Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire.
• William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the British House of Commons.

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• Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning most of the town.
• Empress Matilda becomes the first female ruler of England, adopting the title 'Lady of the English'.
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV charters Prague University.
• Felix V abdicates his claim to the papacy, ending the reign of the final Antipope.
• Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
• Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
• Premiere performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, BWV 245, at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig.
• End of Burmese-Siamese War (1765-67).
• Settlers establish Marietta, Ohio, the first permanent settlement created by U.S. citizens in the recently organized Northwest Territory.
• The French First Republic adopts the kilogram and gram as its primary unit of mass.[citation needed]
• Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery breaks camp among the Mandan tribe and resumes its journey West along the Missouri River.

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• The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.
• Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople. The city falls on May 29, and is renamed Istanbul.
• One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.
• At the Cape of Good Hope, Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp that eventually becomes Cape Town.
• The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.
• American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy fail in their attempt to capture a Royal Navy dispatch boat.
• King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) establishes the Chakri dynasty.
• During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.
• John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company, that would eventually make him America's first millionaire.
• British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz. This would be the turning point in the Peninsular War against Napoleon-led France.

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• Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
• The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his army.
• During the Battle on the Ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights.
• Charles V makes a Royal Entry into Rome, demolishing a swath of the city to re-enact a Roman triumph.
• Two hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrick van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Seventeen Provinces.
• In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
• United States President George Washington exercises his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power is used in the United States.
• Peace of Basel between France and Prussia is made.
• In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement, led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín, win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Yorktown begins.

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• Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul sacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico.
• A five-year Byzantine-Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
• Death of the Venetian Doge Tommaso Mocenigo, under whose rule victories were achieved against the Kingdom of Hungary and against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli (1416).
• Francis Drake is knighted by Queen Elizabeth I for completing a circumnavigation of the world.
• Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia.
• Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists and opponents of the monarchy for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.
• Georges Cuvier delivers the first paleontological lecture.
• Napoleon abdicates (conditionally) for the first time and names his son Napoleon II as Emperor of the French, followed by unconditional abdication two days later.

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• Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
• Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
• The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
• The second of two the treaties making up the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis is signed, ending the Italian Wars.
• Robert Walpole becomes, in effect, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain, though he himself denied that title.
• Rama IV is crowned King of Thailand after the death of his half-brother, Rama III.
• The first successful United States Pony Express run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, begins.
• American Civil War: Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America.
• American Old West: Robert Ford kills Jesse James.
• Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for a light, high-speed, four-stroke engine, which he uses seven months later to create the world's first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen.
• The trial in the libel case brought by Oscar Wilde begins, eventually resulting in his imprisonment on charges of homosexuality.
• Attempts are made to carry out the failed assassination attempt on General Mannerheim, led by Aleksander Weckman by order of Eino Rahja, during the White Guard parade in Tampere, Finland.
• Joseph Stalin becomes the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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• Commodore William James captures the Maratha fortress of Suvarnadurg on the west coast of India.
• The Coinage Act is passed by Congress, establishing the United States Mint.
• Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony in Vienna.
• French Revolutionary Wars: In the Battle of Copenhagen a British Royal Navy squadron defeats a hastily-assembled, smaller, mostly-volunteer Dano-Norwegian Navy at high cost, forcing Denmark out of the Second League of Armed Neutrality.
• American Civil War: The largest in a series of Southern bread riots occurs in Richmond, Virginia.
• American Civil War: Defeat at the Third Battle of Petersburg forces the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate government to abandon Richmond, Virginia.
• Canadian Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake, killing nine.
• Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Marie Palace, Saint Petersburg.
• "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.
• The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census.
• The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials.
• American entry into World War I: President Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.

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• According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
• Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Seventeen Provinces, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
• In New York City, the United States House of Representatives achieves its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first Speaker.
• The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin.
• American Civil War: Union troops led by Philip Sheridan decisively defeat Confederate troops led by George Pickett, cutting the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line.
• Singapore becomes a British crown colony.
• The White Star steamer SS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547 in one of the worst marine disasters of the 19th century.
• The Territorial Force (renamed Territorial Army in 1920) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army.
• The Royal Air Force is created by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.
• Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years imprisonment for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch" but spends only nine months in jail.
• The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed.

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