• The Praetorian Guard storm the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day, Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed emperor, the sixth emperor of the year.
• Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12.
• Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessaloniki, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.
• Battle of Firenzuola: Lombard forces under King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the dethroned Emperor Berengar I of Italy at Firenzuola (Tuscany).
• Byzantine-Bulgarian wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack less than three months later, on October 6.
• Count Dirk III defeats an army sent by Emperor Henry II in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
• Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
• The Siege of Damascus ends in a decisive crusader defeat and leads to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
• The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• The infant James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: English naval forces under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
• War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen: France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps: General George Washington appoints William Tudor as Judge Advocate of the Continental Army.
• French physicist Augustin Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light", precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.

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• Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
• Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
• on 28 July, the composer, organist and harpsichordist Johann Sebastian Bach dies.
• Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
• French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
• Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
• Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
• José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
• USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and now a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned.

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• Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
• Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade.
• Georgian-Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
• Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire.
• According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state.
• Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest.
• The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan.
• The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act.
• Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
• A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England.
• The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men."
• American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff.

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• First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I.
• Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded.
• Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera.
• Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
• The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru.
• Francis Drake, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (San Francisco).
• Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II.
• During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession.
• French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

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• Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge.
• Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
• The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
• Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
• The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.
• The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
• The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
• Henry II of France is crowned.
• Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral.
• Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.

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• Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
• Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.
• Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles in Scotland, takes place.
• Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.
• Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands, strike against a ban on foreign beer.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.
• Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds the trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.
• The Kingdom of Georgia and the Russian Empire sign the Treaty of Georgievsk.
• War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward the Niagara River to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• Afro-Chileans are emancipated.
• In Maracaibo, Venezuela, the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo takes place, where Admiral José Prudencio Padilla defeats the Spanish Navy, thus culminating the independence for the Gran Colombia.
• After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.

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• Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury.
• A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios.
• Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.
• Scanian War: Denmark-Norway captures the harbor town of Marstrand from Sweden.
• Kingdom of Prussia re-conquers Mainz from France.
• Sir Thomas Maitland is appointed as the first Governor of Malta, transforming the island from a British protectorate to a de facto colony.
• While the Mora Rebellion continues, Greeks capture Monemvasia Castle. Turkish troops and citizens are transferred to Asia Minor's coasts.
• In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the typographer, a precursor to the typewriter.
• The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union.
• American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army.
• Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa, India.
• The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.
• Pressed by expanding immigration, Canada closes its doors to paupers and criminals.
• The Ford Motor Company sells its first car.

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• Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids.
• First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Massacre at Béziers: The first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town of Falkirk.
• St. Mary Magdalene's flood is the worst such event on record for central Europe.
• Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl in the Old Zürich War.
• Ottoman wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade: John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire.
• Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas are defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured.
• Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Roanoke Colony: A second group of English settlers arrives on Roanoke Island off North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
• The Dutch city of Groningen defended by the Spanish and besieged by a Dutch and English army under Maurice of Orange, capitulates.
• William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, is entered on the Stationers’ Register. By decree of Queen Elizabeth, the Stationers’ Register licensed printed works, giving the Crown tight control over all published material.
• Albany, New York is formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan.

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• Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope.
• Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar and co-ruler.
• The 365 Crete earthquake affected the Greek island of Crete with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing a destructive tsunami that affects the coasts of Libya and Egypt, especially Alexandria. Many thousands were killed.
• King Berengar I of Italy and a hired Hungarian army defeats the Frankish forces at Verona. King Louis III is captured and blinded for breaking his oath (see 902).
• Battle of Taillebourg: Louis IX of France puts an end to the revolt of his vassals Henry III of England and Hugh X of Lusignan.
• Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats rebels to the north of the county town of Shropshire, England.
• The first landing of French troops on the coast of the Isle of Wight during the French invasion of the Isle of Wight.
• Eighty Years' War: Battle of Jemmingen: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva defeats Louis of Nassau.
• Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues an edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead and braid the rest of their hair into a queue identical to those of the Manchus.
• The Raid on Málaga takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• The Treaty of Passarowitz between the Ottoman Empire, Austria and the Republic of Venice is signed.

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• Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
• Kardam of Bulgaria defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI at the Battle of Marcellae.
• Rollo lays siege to Chartres.
• Richard I of England officially invested as Duke of Normandy.
• Treaty of San Germano is signed at San Germano between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX. A Dominican named Guala is responsible for the negotiations.
• The Battle of Kellistown was fought on this day between the forces of the English led by Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March against the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles under the command of Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, the most powerful Chieftain in Leinster.
• Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara: Timur, ruler of Timurid Empire, defeats forces of the Ottoman Empire sultan Bayezid I.
• During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were ultimately unable to hold it.
• A fire in Oulu, Finland almost completely destroyed the fourth district, which covered the southern part of the city and was by far the largest of the city districts.
• Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War: The Ottoman Empire captures Nauplia, the capital of the Republic of Venice's "Kingdom of the Morea", thereby opening the way to the swift Ottoman reconquest of the Morea.
• Tekle Giyorgis I begins his first of six reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.
• Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Napoleon for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powered a boat upstream on the river Saône in France.
• Citizens of Bogotá, New Granada declare independence from Spain.

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